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Chapter 15: Societies & Empires in Africa
• 800-1500
• Throughout history different groups of Africans have found different ways to organize themselves to meet their political, economic, & social needs.
• In the varied regions of Africa, climate & topography influenced how each community developed.
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How did Geography & Climate influence development in Africa?
• Great variety– Climate– Topography– Landforms
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North & Central African Societies: Hunter-Gatherer
• formed close-knit family groups
• Oldest in world• Still around • Provide clues
about ancient times
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies
• Semi-nomadic• Few
possessions, distinctive hunting techniques
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“Stateless” Societies• Power not centralized• Based on lineage groups
not individual ruler– Family groups based
on a common ancestor
– Living members– Past generations– Future generations– Strong loyalty
• balance authority among lineages of equal power
• may be– patri-lineal – matri-lineal
• Men usually hold positions of authority
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Muslim States
• Islam spread across N. Africa-
• Rulers converted• Government
based on Islamic Law (Sharia)
• Muslim rulers relied on religious scholars as government advisors
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Berbers• Desert, mountain dwellers• Indigenous to N. Africa• Accepted Islam• Maintained Berber Identity• Almoravids & Almohads found empires that united N. Africa
(Maghrib)
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Impact of Berber Rule
• Spread N. African culture
• Stability &order• Unity through
Islamic teaching
• North/South Trade flourished
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West African Civilizations
• While Berbers built empires in N. Africa, three powerful empire flourished in West Africa in the Sahel-the savanna region just south of the Sahara
• Grew strong by controlling trade
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Empire of Ghana
• Around 200 AD, trade across Sahara was infrequent
• Berbers began to use camels
• Travel great distance without water
• Taxed trade-grew wealthy
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Gold-Salt Trade
• Arab & Berber traders crossed desert loaded w/salt, cloth, weapons, manufactured goods
• African traders brought gold north
• Merchants met in trade cities, exchanged goods, officials collected tax & ensured fair weights and provided protection from bandits
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Land of Gold
• By 800, Ghana was an empire• King controlled trade, large
army, demanded taxes and gifts from chiefs of surrounding lands.
• King controlled supply of gold, kept price high
• King was religious leader, judge, military commander
• Head of government bureaucracy
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Islamic Influences
• Islam spread through trade• Ghana’s rulers/elites
converted to Islam• Common people kept
traditional beliefs/practices • Islam spread literacy• Ghana lost power when
Almoravids disrupted gold-salt trade
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Empire of Mali
• By 1235 the kingdom of Mali had emerged.
• Its founders were Mande-speaking people, who lived south of Ghana.
• Mali’s wealth was also built on gold.
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Sundiata Conquers an Empire
• A powerful king named Sundiata ruled Mali from around 1230-1255 AD. He became known as a mansa, or emperor.
• He led the people in conquering and expanding his kingdom to be as great as Ghana had been.
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Mansa Musa Expands Mali (1312-1337)
• Greatest king of Mali• developed gold/salt
trade-kingdom became very powerful & rich
• Made hajj to Mecca-upon return built many mosques in Timbuktu
• Attracted Muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders scholars
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Ibn Battuta: 1352• Muslim legal scholar • Traveled throughout
Muslim world -27 years• Wrote a journal • Praised the people of
Mali for their study of Qur’an
• Criticized lack of strict practice (women did not veil)
• Within 50 years, gold trade shifted to new fields in East
• Mali weakened
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Empire of Songhai
• As Mali declined, Songhai east built an army & extended territory-gained control of trade routes. Gao was the capital.
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Songhai’s Powerful Leaders
• Sunni Ali– Built a professional
army
• Askia Muhammad– Set up good
government
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Other Peoples of West Africa: Hausa
• Hausa City-States
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Other Peoples of West Africa: Yoruba
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Other Peoples of West Africa: Benin
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Eastern City-States & Southern Empires
• In the 3rd century, Aksum traded extensively. From Red Sea it traded with Arabia, Persia, India & Rome
• Muslims cut them off from their port so they moved their capital south
• Other cities on East coast were thriving from Indian Ocean trade
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East Coast Trade Cities
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Kilwa
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Portuguese Conquest
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Islamic Influences
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Enslavement of Africans
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Southern Africa & Great Zimbabwe
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Great Zimbabwe
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Mutapa Empire