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Importance of Stem Cell ResearchImportance of Stem Cell Research
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1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from humanembryos
1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers
2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for
embryonic stem-cell research2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation
International creates $20 million fund-raising effortto support stem-cell research
2002 - California ok stem cell research
2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryosusing private funding
2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells
Stem Cell History
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Stem Cell DefinitionStem Cell Definition
A cell that has the ability toA cell that has the ability tocontinuously divide and differentiatecontinuously divide and differentiate(develop) into various other kind(s) of(develop) into various other kind(s) ofcells/tissuescells/tissues
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Stem Cell CharacteristicsStem Cell Characteristics
Blank cells (unspecialized)Blank cells (unspecialized)
Capable of dividing and renewingCapable of dividing and renewing
themselves for long periods of timethemselves for long periods of time(proliferation and renewal)(proliferation and renewal)
Have the potential to give rise toHave the potential to give rise to
specialized cell types (differentiation)specialized cell types (differentiation)
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Kinds of Stem CellsKinds of Stem Cells
Fetal tissue, cord
blood, and adult
stem cells
Cells differentiated, but
can form a number of
other tissues
Multipotent
Some cells of
blastocyst (5 to 14
days)
Cells can form any (over
200) cell typesPluripotent
Cells from early (1-
3 days) embryos
Each cell can develop
into a new individualTotipotent
ExamplesDescriptionStem cell
type
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Stem Cell DifferentiationStem Cell Differentiation
Princeton University
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Kinds of Stem Cells
Embryonic stem cellscome from a five to six-day-old embryo. They
have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human
body.
Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or
foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).
Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or
differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current
research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce
different cell types and to self-renew.
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Blastocyst DiagramBlastocyst Diagram
Princeton University
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction
The Association of Re roductive Health Professionals
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Stages of EmbryogenesisStages of Embryogenesis
Day 1Fertilized egg
Day 22-cell embryo Day 3-4
Multi-cell embryo
Day 5-6BlastocystDay 11-14
Tissue Differentiation
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Derivation and Use ofDerivation and Use of
Embryonic Stem Cell LinesEmbryonic Stem Cell Lines
Isolate inner cell mass(destroys embryo)
Heart muscleKidney
Special sauce(largely unknown)
Day 5-6Blastocyst
Inner cells
(forms fetus)
Outer cells(forms placenta)
Heart
repaired
Culture cells
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Embryonic stem cellsEmbryonic stem cells
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Adult stem cellsAdult stem cells
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ApplicationsApplications
Disease Diabetes, Spinal
cord injury,Parkinsonsdisease, heartdisease
Genetic based
Disease Cystic fibrosis,
Huntingtons
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Challenges to StemChallenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research
Stem cells need to beStem cells need to bedifferentiated to thedifferentiated to the
appropriate cell type(s)appropriate cell type(s)beforebefore they can be usedthey can be usedclinically.clinically.
Recently, abnormalities inRecently, abnormalities in
chromosome number andchromosome number andstructure were found instructure were found inthree human ESC lines.three human ESC lines.
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Challenges to StemChallenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research
Stem cell development or proliferationStem cell development or proliferation
must be controlled once placed intomust be controlled once placed intopatients.patients.
Possibility of rejection of stem cellPossibility of rejection of stem cell
transplants as foreign tissues is very high.transplants as foreign tissues is very high.
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Challenges to StemChallenges to Stem
Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,
and Mycoplasma possible.and Mycoplasma possible.
The use of mouse feeder cells to growThe use of mouse feeder cells to grow
ESC could result in problems due toESC could result in problems due to
xenotransplantation (complicating FDAxenotransplantation (complicating FDA
requirements for clinical use).requirements for clinical use).
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Stem cell and cloningStem cell and cloning
Immune rejectionImmune rejection
Somatic cell nuclear transferSomatic cell nuclear transfer
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