cell technology

8/14/2019 Cell Technology

1/48


2/48

02/10/0802/10/08 Dr. Hariom YadavDr. Hariom Yadav

Importance of Stem Cell ResearchImportance of Stem Cell Research


3/48


1998 - Researchers first extract stem cells from humanembryos

1999 - First Successful human transplant of insulin-making cells from cadavers

2001 - President Bush restricts federal funding for

embryonic stem-cell research2002 - Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation

International creates $20 million fund-raising effortto support stem-cell research

2002 - California ok stem cell research

2004 - Harvard researchers grow stem cells from embryosusing private funding

2004 - Ballot measure for $3 Billion bond for stem cells

Stem Cell History


4/48


Stem Cell DefinitionStem Cell Definition

A cell that has the ability toA cell that has the ability tocontinuously divide and differentiatecontinuously divide and differentiate(develop) into various other kind(s) of(develop) into various other kind(s) ofcells/tissuescells/tissues


5/48


Stem Cell CharacteristicsStem Cell Characteristics

Blank cells (unspecialized)Blank cells (unspecialized)

Capable of dividing and renewingCapable of dividing and renewing

themselves for long periods of timethemselves for long periods of time(proliferation and renewal)(proliferation and renewal)

Have the potential to give rise toHave the potential to give rise to

specialized cell types (differentiation)specialized cell types (differentiation)


6/48



7/48


Kinds of Stem CellsKinds of Stem Cells

Fetal tissue, cord

blood, and adult

stem cells

Cells differentiated, but

can form a number of

other tissues

Multipotent

Some cells of

blastocyst (5 to 14

days)

Cells can form any (over

200) cell typesPluripotent

Cells from early (1-

3 days) embryos

Each cell can develop

into a new individualTotipotent

ExamplesDescriptionStem cell

type


8/48


Stem Cell DifferentiationStem Cell Differentiation

Princeton University


9/48


Kinds of Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cellscome from a five to six-day-old embryo. They

have the ability to form virtually any type of cell found in the human

body.

Embryonic germ cells are derived from the part of a human embryo or

foetus that will ultimately produce eggs or sperm (gametes).

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found among specialised or

differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth. Based on current

research they appear to have a more restricted ability to produce

different cell types and to self-renew.


10/48


Blastocyst DiagramBlastocyst Diagram

Princeton University


11/48


Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction

The Association of Re roductive Health Professionals


12/48


Stages of EmbryogenesisStages of Embryogenesis

Day 1Fertilized egg

Day 22-cell embryo Day 3-4

Multi-cell embryo

Day 5-6BlastocystDay 11-14

Tissue Differentiation


13/48


Derivation and Use ofDerivation and Use of

Embryonic Stem Cell LinesEmbryonic Stem Cell Lines

Isolate inner cell mass(destroys embryo)

Heart muscleKidney

Special sauce(largely unknown)

Day 5-6Blastocyst

Inner cells

(forms fetus)

Outer cells(forms placenta)

Heart

repaired

Culture cells


14/48



15/48



16/48

02/10/0802/10/08

Dr. Hariom YadavDr. Hariom Yadav


17/48

02/10/0802/10/08

Dr. Hariom YadavDr. Hariom Yadav


18/48


Embryonic stem cellsEmbryonic stem cells


19/48


Adult stem cellsAdult stem cells


20/48



21/48



22/48



23/48


ApplicationsApplications

Disease Diabetes, Spinal

cord injury,Parkinsonsdisease, heartdisease

Genetic based

Disease Cystic fibrosis,

Huntingtons


24/48



25/48



26/48



27/48



28/48



29/48



30/48



31/48



32/48



33/48



34/48


35/48


Challenges to StemChallenges to Stem

Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research

Stem cells need to beStem cells need to bedifferentiated to thedifferentiated to the

appropriate cell type(s)appropriate cell type(s)beforebefore they can be usedthey can be usedclinically.clinically.

Recently, abnormalities inRecently, abnormalities in

chromosome number andchromosome number andstructure were found instructure were found inthree human ESC lines.three human ESC lines.


36/48



Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research

Stem cell development or proliferationStem cell development or proliferation

must be controlled once placed intomust be controlled once placed intopatients.patients.

Possibility of rejection of stem cellPossibility of rejection of stem cell

transplants as foreign tissues is very high.transplants as foreign tissues is very high.


37/48



Cell/Cloning ResearchCell/Cloning Research Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,Contamination by viruses, bacteria, fungi,

and Mycoplasma possible.and Mycoplasma possible.

The use of mouse feeder cells to growThe use of mouse feeder cells to grow

ESC could result in problems due toESC could result in problems due to

xenotransplantation (complicating FDAxenotransplantation (complicating FDA

requirements for clinical use).requirements for clinical use).


38/48


Stem cell and cloningStem cell and cloning

Immune rejectionImmune rejection

Somatic cell nuclear transferSomatic cell nuclear transfer


39/48



40/48



41/48



42/48



43/48



44/48



45/48



46/48



47/48



48/48


ThanksThanks

cell technology

Documents