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Cell Membrane & THE WAYS MOLECULES MOVE
Chapter 7-3
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Cell MembraneCell Membrane1) POLAR ends face INSIDE & OUTSIDE cell (where water is…Hydrophilic)
2) NONPOLAR tails face each other inside
bilayer (to avoid water…Hydrophobic)
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Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
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3) FUNCTION: SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY = allows only certain materials to go into & out of cell
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* Why doesn’t the cell membrane let everything through?
HOMEOSTASIS!- Cells maintain a stable environment by controlling what enters & leaves.
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Diffusion
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Molecules move _______“where there’s _______” ____“where there’s _______”
FROMto
A LOTNOT
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DIFFUSION across a space
Happens anytime there is a __________ in concentration in one place compared to another
= ________________________
DIFFERENCE
Concentration gradient
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DIFFUSION across a SPACE Molecules move automatically
_______ the concentration gradient _______ an area of _______ concentration ____ an area of ________ concentration
• EXAMPLES
HigherLower
Blue dye in beaker demo,Someone making popcorn/grilling outStrong perfume,Bad smell in room
DOWNfrom
to
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DIFFUSION across a space
Diffusion continues until the concentration is ________________ in space
= ________________________Equilibrium
equal everywhere
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Molecules need to move across
membranes in cells
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Diffusion can happen ________ a _____________ in a cell, too
…as long as membrane will let the molecule _________________
acrossmembrane
pass through
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DIFFUSION automatically moves oxygen from HIGHER concentration (in lungs) to a LOWER concentration (in blood)
CELL EXAMPLE:
CO2 automatically movesfrom where there is aHIGHER concentration (in blood) to where thereis a lower concentration (in lungs)
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PROBLEM for CELLS? Diffusion only moves molecules from high concentration to low concentration.
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What if cell needs to move a molecule _________ the CONCENTRATION GRADIENT?_______________
Cell example:Want to put MORE glucoseinto mitochondria when there
isalready glucose in there
(LOWER HIGHER)
AGAINST
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PROBLEM for Cells?
Cell membranes areSELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
See a movie
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What if a cell needs to move _____ or ______ moleculesthat can’t getthrough themembrane?
LARGE POLAR
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PROBLEM for CELLS? Diffusion happens very slowly
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What if cell needs to move molecules really
_______? (can’t wait for it to diffuse)
Cell example:Movement of Na + & K+ ions required to send nerve signals
FAST
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Cells need a ____ to ____ molecules across cell membranes that
_______ across by ___________
WAYHELP
can’t go
themselves
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__________________________________
___________________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
Kinds of ________ Transport
•Diffusion
•Channels
•Facilitated Diffusion•Carriers
PASSIVE
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DIFFUSION across a membrane
Happens anytime there is a __________ in _____________ on one side of the membrane compared to the other
DIFFERENCE
See diffusionanimation
concentration
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DIFFUSION• No energy required = _______
• Moves _______ concentration gradient from ___________________
• Works for any molecules that can pass through the membrane
• Example of molecules that move this way in cells:
________ & ____________
PASSIVE
OXYGEN Carbon dioxide
HIGHER to LOWER
DOWN
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FACILITATED DIFFUSIONuses _______________ to help molecules across
2 kinds of proteins help: _________ & ____________Carriers Channels
membrane proteins
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Facilitated Diffusion with CARRIER PROTEINS
Carrier proteingrabs molecule, changes shape, andflips across toother side like arevolving door
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION with
CHANNELSMembrane proteins create a tunnel throughwhich moleculescan pass
_______________ allow________ ionsto get past the ____________ center
ION CHANNELS chargedhydrophobic
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION with
CHANNELS________ proteins allow _________________ molecules to get past the __________ middle of cell membrane.
Aquaporin polar
hydrophobicWATER
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FACILITATED DIFFUSION with
CHANNELSThe movement of water moleculesacross a cell membrane is called______________OSMOSIS
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ALL KINDS OF FACILITATED DIFFUSION
• No energy required = _____________
• Moves ________ concentration gradient from ________________________
• ___________________ help molecules get across membrane
PASSIVE
Membrane proteins
HIGHER to LOWER
DOWN
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EXAMPLES OF FACILITATED DIFFUSION
IN CELLS• CARRIER PROTEINS
• ION CHANNELS
• AQUAPORINS (OSMOSIS)
GLUCOSE
WATER
Na+ , Cl- , Ca++ , K+
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________________________________________
__________________________________
________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
Kinds of ________Transport
•PUMPS•Sodium-Potassium
•Proton
ACTIVE
•Vesicles•Endocytosis•Exocytosis
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Na+ and K + PUMP
See a movie about Na+ - K+ pump
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SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP• ___________ transport
(requires energy from ______)
• Can move molecules from _____ concentration to ______
• Special just for Na+ and K + ions
• Uses _______________________ called ____________ to move molecules
• Example: nerve cellsNa+ is pumped out of cells at same time K + is taken into cells
ACTIVE
membrane proteins pumps
ATP
lowhig
h
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PROTON PUMP
See a movie proton pump
Moves Protons across membrane = ___ ions
H+
More on this in Chap 8 & 9
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PROTON PUMP• ___________ transport (requires energy from ______)
• Can move molecules from _____ concentrationto ________
• Special just for H+ ions
• Uses integral ________________ to move molecules
Examples: • Lysosomes need acidic conditions for digestion• Photosynthesis/Respiration
(more on this to come in Ch 8 & 9)
ACTIVE
Protein pumps
ATP
lowhigh
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT with VESICLES
___________ are small membrane sacs that pinch off of cell membranes used by cells for transporting molecules
Used for transporting molecules:If entering the cell = ______________If exiting the cell = _______________
VESICLES
ENDOCYTOSISEXOCYTOSIS
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2 KINDS of ENDOCYTOSIS
for taking substances into cellIf taking in:fluid or small molecules =_________________large particles or whole cells =______________
PINOCYTOSIS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/endocytb.htm
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ENDOCYTOSISSubstances taken into cell
• __________ transport (requires________)
• Uses ______________ to carry substances
• Can move molecules from _____ concentration to ______
Examples in cells:– one celled organisms eat this way– white blood cells get rid of bacteria this way
ACTIVE
VESICLES
energy
low
high
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ENDOCYTOSIS
Protist eating another
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PHAGOCYTOSIS
___________ destroying _______White blood cell germs
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WHITE BLOOD CELL ENGULFING BACTERIA
(Phagocytosis)
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EXOCYTOSISSubstances released outside
of cell• __________ transport (requires________)
• Uses ______________ to carry substances
• Can move molecules from _____ concentration to ______
• Examples in cells:– _________ release packaged proteins
this way
ACTIVE
VESICLES
energy
GOLGI
low
high
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GOLGI BODIES USE EXOCYTOSIS
See a Golgi movie
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INSULIN being released by pancreas cells using
exocytosis
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VOCAB_____________ = substance that is
dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
_____________ = substance in which a solute is dissolved
SOLUTE
SOLVENT
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__________________ = mass of a solute in a given volume of solution
CONCENTRATION
The _______ molecules there are in a given volume the ____________the concentration
MOREGREATER
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Solutes = ______________& __________
Solvent = ____________
Koolaid drink = ______________
Use new vocab to make Koolaid
sugarKoolaid powder
Water
solution
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What if there is a difference in concentration but solute
molecules can’t move across a membrane?
WATER will move until concentrationreaches equilibrium
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See an animation Osmosis1
Animation
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Solute concentration
Lower outsidethan inside
Equal outsideand inside
Greater outsidethan inside
HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC
What will happen to an animal cell placed in different solutions?
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Remember:Cells try to “maintain
stable internal conditions =
____________________HOMEOSTASIS
So an animal cell inISOTONIC conditionsstays same size
Water entering = water leavingVideoChoose Blood Isotonic link
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If cells can’t maintain “stable internal conditions” . . .damage can result and cells can die.
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OSMOSIS
HYPOTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ________________ inside the cell
More water enters than leaves cell so cellwill ___________________
LESS THAN
swell and possibly burst
See an animationOsmosis3
VideoChoose Blood Hypotonic link
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OSMOSIS
HYPERTONIC: Concentration outside cell is ____________________ inside cell
More water leaves cell than enters so cell ____________
GREATER THAN
shrinks
See an animationOSMOSIS 4
Video Choose Blood Hypertonic link
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Animal cells
= CYTOLYSIS = CRENATION_________ __________
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_____ keeps ___________plant cells from bursting
Plant cells
= PLASMOLYSISCELL WALL
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VACUOLES store WATER
_____________________________ =Pressure exerted by the movement of water during osmosis
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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SO WHAT?
Sitting in the bathtub causes your fingers and toes to wrinkle up when water ________ your skin cells by osmosis
Bath water is ________________compared to youhypotonic
enters
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Grocery stores spray water on their veggies to “plump them up”