Carbon dioxide fluxes across the Amazon basin: overview of 1999 and 2000 results for EU- LBA-flux
tower sites
Kabat, P.1), Nobre, A D2), Grace, J3) , Manzi, A4) ,Kruijt, B1), Von Randow, C 4), Elbers, J E1), Malhi, Y 3), Carswell, F 3), Da Costa, L.5), Culf, A6), Nobre, C 4), Da Rocha, H 7), Waterloo, M1), De Araujo, A C2), De Oliveira, P J4)9), Stefani, P8), Freitas, H7)
1) Alterra, NL, 2) INPA, Brazil, 3) Edinburgh University, UK, 4) CPTEC/INPE, Brazil, 5) UFPA,MPEG, EMBRAPA, Brazil, 6) CEH, UK, 7)USP, Brazil, 8) Universita della Tuscia, Italy, 9) ULBRA, UNIR, Brazil
Manaus
Rio Solimoes
Rio Negro
RONDONIA
Ji Parana
Belem
Caxiuana
Rio Amazonas
Rio Xingu
Rio Jaru
EUSTACH Sites
Manaus K34 andManaus C14
Caxiuana
Rebio JaruFazenda Nossa Senhora
Towers at Reserva Biologica do Jaru
‘Abracos’New tower
Methods
Eddy correlation:Systems based on ‘Edisol’ (Moncrieff et al, 1996) and ‘Euroflux’ (Aubinet et al, 1999) closed-path principle.Gill-Solent 3-D sonic anemometerLi-Cor 6262 Gas analyserSHORT tube, high pumping rate
Calculation: delay removal, 3 rotations, 800s recursive detrend, correction for detrend loss of low frequencies (Except at Caxiuana)
Storage fluxes:(in-canopy profiles of CO2 and H2O (CIRAS SC analyser) )(Not always present)
Meteorological data:Automatic weather station, short&long wave radiation, etcetera.
Manaus C14
Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)
0 6 12 18 24
Jan/1999
May/1999
Sep/1999
Jan/2000
May/2000
Sep/2000
Jan/2001
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Manaus K34
Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)
0 6 12 18 24
Jan/1999
May/1999
Sep/1999
Jan/2000
May/2000
Sep/2000
Jan/2001
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Fazenda NS
Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)
0 6 12 18 24
Jan/1999
May/1999
Sep/1999
Jan/2000
May/2000
Sep/2000
Jan/2001
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Rebio Jaru
Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)
0 6 12 18 24
Jan/1999
May/1999
Sep/1999
Jan/2000
May/2000
Sep/2000
Jan/2001
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Measured CO2 eddy fluxes over 2 years in the Central and
Southern Amazon
Data are 10-day averages. Missing data are green or dark blue
Manaus K34, night time
U*, m s-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
NE
E (
stor
age
corr
ecte
d),
mol
m-2
s-1
0
5
10
15
20
All dataDry seasonWet season
Rebio Jaru, night time
U*, m s-1
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
NE
E (
stor
age
corr
ecte
d),
mol
m-2
s-1
0
5
10
15
20
All dataDry seasonWet season
?
Night-time NEE (Storage corrected) fluxes plotted against u*
Do we have a problem?
There is no problem here
? Uncertainty about 7 t ha-1 y-1 ?
SW Amazon 1999-2001
Jan 99 Jul 99 Jan 00 Jul 00 Jan 01 Jul 01
Ave
rag
e d
aily
ca
rbo
n f
lux
(t h
a-1 d
-1)
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02Eddy flux data (10 day averages)Fit to all data
5-6 T ha-1y-1
Central Amazon 1999-2001
Ave
rage
dai
ly C
flux
(t h
a-1
d-1
)
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
Jun 99 Dec 99 Jun 00 Dec 00 Jun 01
data eddy flux (10 day averages)Fit to all data
7-8 T ha-1y-1
Seasonal and interannual variation in C flux, annual net uptake
Total uptake % data gaps 95% confidence intervalManaus Jan'00 - Jan '01 6.2 T ha-1 5%-10% - not specifiedManaus Jul'99 - Jul'00 7.7 T ha-1 17 % +/- 0.25 T ha-1
Jaru March '99-March '00 5.8 T ha-1 57% +/- 1.0 T ha-1
Jaru Oct. '99 - Oct '00 6.0 T ha-1 40% +/- 0.7 T ha-1
Wet seasons
Time of day
0 6 12 18 24
NE
E,
mol
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1-20
-10
0
10
Dry seasons
Time of day
0 6 12 18 24
NE
E,
mol
CO
2 m
-2 s
-1
-20
-10
0
10
Manaus K34JaruCaxiuanaFazenda NS
Mean Diurnal trend of CO2 fluxes at four sites
Dry
Wet
Dry seasons:
•Forest peak uptake similar, nights different.•Pasture lower uptake!
Wet seasons:
•Forests and pasture very similar.
Reserva Jaru,1999-2000
X Data
0 6 12 18 24
CO
2 f
lux
mo
l m-2
s-1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
dry seasonwet season
Reserva Jaru1999-2000
Local time (Hours)
0 6 12 18 24
Cum
ulat
ive
aver
age
carb
on fl
ux, k
g ha
-1
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Dry seasonWet season
Where is seasonality in Jaru?
Mean Diurnal
Cumulative meandiurnal
Where is seasonality in Manaus K34?
Mean Diurnal
Cumulative meandiurnal
Manaus K34
local time (hours)
0 5 10 15 20 25
CO
2 flu
x m
ol m
-2 s
-1
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Dry seasonWet season
Manaus K34
local time (hours)
0 5 10 15 20 25
Cum
ulat
ive
aver
age
carb
on fl
ux, k
g ha
-1
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Jaru
PAR, mol m-2 s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
NE
E, m
ol C
O2
m-2
s-1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Caxiuana
PAR, mol m-2 s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
NE
E, m
ol C
O2
m-2
s-1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Fazenda Nossa Senhora
PAR, mol m-2 s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
NE
E, m
ol C
O2
m-2
s-1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Manaus K34
PAR, mol m-2 s-1
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
NE
E, m
ol C
O2
m-2
s-1
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Dry seasonWet season
Mean hourly canopy light response curves for four sites
Ecosystem response at monthly time scales
monthly average daily shortwave incoming radiation (GJ ha-1 d-1)
120 140 160 180 200 220 240
mo
nth
ly A
vera
ge
da
ily N
EE
(t h
a-1
d-1
)
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
Manaus K34JaruCaxiuana
Monthly average daily precipitation (mm d-1)
0 5 10 15 20 25
mo
nth
ly A
vera
ge d
aily
NE
E (
t ha
-1 d
-1)
-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
Radiation
Rainfall
Similarity relations - representativity for surface
For all sites the basic s(w)/u* relations are good on average
Jaru, 1999-2000
u*
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
w
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
b[0]=0.05b[1]=1.16r ²=0.91
(z-d)/L (stable)
0.1 1 10 100
1
10
-(z-d)/L (unstable)
0.1110100
(w
)/u
*
1
10
-0.1 < z/L < 0.1
tota
l flu
x (K
g C
.ha
-1.d
ay-1
)
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
cold warm windy warm normal
NIGHT
24 hour DAY
Julian Day (2000)
185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245
Air T
em
p(
o C)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Win
d S
pe
ed
(m
.s-1)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
The effecct of Friagem on CO2 fluxes in Jaru (P.J. Oliveira)
Are friagem effects causedby low temperature or are they simply more windy days?
H+
LE+
G+
S (
W.m
-2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240 a) Wet Season
Rn (W.m-2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
H+
LE+
G+
S (
W.m
-2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240 b) Dry Season
Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.71403544
Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.6745665534
1:1
1:1
H+
LE+
G (
W.m
-2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.8943693104
a) Wet Season
Rn (W.m-2)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
H+
LE+
G (
W.m
-2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.9506721087
b) Dry Season
1:1
1:1
Energy balance closure at Reserva Jaru and Fazenda Nossa Senhora