Carbon dioxide fluxes across the Amazon basin: overview of 1999 and 2000 results for EU- LBA-flux

tower sites

Kabat, P.1), Nobre, A D2), Grace, J3) , Manzi, A4) ,Kruijt, B1), Von Randow, C 4), Elbers, J E1), Malhi, Y 3), Carswell, F 3), Da Costa, L.5), Culf, A6), Nobre, C 4), Da Rocha, H 7), Waterloo, M1), De Araujo, A C2), De Oliveira, P J4)9), Stefani, P8), Freitas, H7)

1) Alterra, NL, 2) INPA, Brazil, 3) Edinburgh University, UK, 4) CPTEC/INPE, Brazil, 5) UFPA,MPEG, EMBRAPA, Brazil, 6) CEH, UK, 7)USP, Brazil, 8) Universita della Tuscia, Italy, 9) ULBRA, UNIR, Brazil

Manaus

Rio Solimoes

Rio Negro

RONDONIA

Ji Parana

Belem

Caxiuana

Rio Amazonas

Rio Xingu

Rio Jaru

EUSTACH Sites

Manaus K34 andManaus C14

Caxiuana

Rebio JaruFazenda Nossa Senhora

Towers at Reserva Biologica do Jaru

‘Abracos’New tower

Methods

Eddy correlation:Systems based on ‘Edisol’ (Moncrieff et al, 1996) and ‘Euroflux’ (Aubinet et al, 1999) closed-path principle.Gill-Solent 3-D sonic anemometerLi-Cor 6262 Gas analyserSHORT tube, high pumping rate

Calculation: delay removal, 3 rotations, 800s recursive detrend, correction for detrend loss of low frequencies (Except at Caxiuana)

Storage fluxes:(in-canopy profiles of CO2 and H2O (CIRAS SC analyser) )(Not always present)

Meteorological data:Automatic weather station, short&long wave radiation, etcetera.

Manaus C14

Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)

0 6 12 18 24

Jan/1999

May/1999

Sep/1999

Jan/2000

May/2000

Sep/2000

Jan/2001

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Manaus K34

Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)

0 6 12 18 24

Jan/1999

May/1999

Sep/1999

Jan/2000

May/2000

Sep/2000

Jan/2001

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Fazenda NS

Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)

0 6 12 18 24

Jan/1999

May/1999

Sep/1999

Jan/2000

May/2000

Sep/2000

Jan/2001

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Rebio Jaru

Time of day (GMT=local+4 h)

0 6 12 18 24

Jan/1999

May/1999

Sep/1999

Jan/2000

May/2000

Sep/2000

Jan/2001

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Measured CO2 eddy fluxes over 2 years in the Central and

Southern Amazon

Data are 10-day averages. Missing data are green or dark blue

Manaus K34, night time

U*, m s-1

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

NE

E (

stor

age

corr

ecte

d),

mol

m-2

s-1

0

5

10

15

20

All dataDry seasonWet season

Rebio Jaru, night time

U*, m s-1

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6

NE

E (

stor

age

corr

ecte

d),

mol

m-2

s-1

0

5

10

15

20

All dataDry seasonWet season

?

Night-time NEE (Storage corrected) fluxes plotted against u*

Do we have a problem?

There is no problem here

? Uncertainty about 7 t ha-1 y-1 ?

SW Amazon 1999-2001

Jan 99 Jul 99 Jan 00 Jul 00 Jan 01 Jul 01

Ave

rag

e d

aily

ca

rbo

n f

lux

(t h

a-1 d

-1)

-0.04

-0.02

0.00

0.02Eddy flux data (10 day averages)Fit to all data

5-6 T ha-1y-1

Central Amazon 1999-2001

Ave

rage

dai

ly C

flux

(t h

a-1

d-1

)

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

Jun 99 Dec 99 Jun 00 Dec 00 Jun 01

data eddy flux (10 day averages)Fit to all data

7-8 T ha-1y-1

Seasonal and interannual variation in C flux, annual net uptake

Total uptake % data gaps 95% confidence intervalManaus Jan'00 - Jan '01 6.2 T ha-1 5%-10% - not specifiedManaus Jul'99 - Jul'00 7.7 T ha-1 17 % +/- 0.25 T ha-1

Jaru March '99-March '00 5.8 T ha-1 57% +/- 1.0 T ha-1

Jaru Oct. '99 - Oct '00 6.0 T ha-1 40% +/- 0.7 T ha-1

Wet seasons

Time of day

0 6 12 18 24

NE

E,

mol

CO

2 m

-2 s

-1-20

-10

0

10

Dry seasons

Time of day

0 6 12 18 24

NE

E,

mol

CO

2 m

-2 s

-1

-20

-10

0

10

Manaus K34JaruCaxiuanaFazenda NS

Mean Diurnal trend of CO2 fluxes at four sites

Dry

Wet

Dry seasons:

•Forest peak uptake similar, nights different.•Pasture lower uptake!

Wet seasons:

•Forests and pasture very similar.

Reserva Jaru,1999-2000

X Data

0 6 12 18 24

CO

2 f

lux

mo

l m-2

s-1

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

dry seasonwet season

Reserva Jaru1999-2000

Local time (Hours)

0 6 12 18 24

Cum

ulat

ive

aver

age

carb

on fl

ux, k

g ha

-1

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

Dry seasonWet season

Where is seasonality in Jaru?

Mean Diurnal

Cumulative meandiurnal

Where is seasonality in Manaus K34?

Mean Diurnal

Cumulative meandiurnal

Manaus K34

local time (hours)

0 5 10 15 20 25

CO

2 flu

x m

ol m

-2 s

-1

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Dry seasonWet season

Manaus K34

local time (hours)

0 5 10 15 20 25

Cum

ulat

ive

aver

age

carb

on fl

ux, k

g ha

-1

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Jaru

PAR, mol m-2 s-1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

NE

E, m

ol C

O2

m-2

s-1

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Caxiuana

PAR, mol m-2 s-1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

NE

E, m

ol C

O2

m-2

s-1

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Fazenda Nossa Senhora

PAR, mol m-2 s-1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

NE

E, m

ol C

O2

m-2

s-1

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Manaus K34

PAR, mol m-2 s-1

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

NE

E, m

ol C

O2

m-2

s-1

-30

-20

-10

0

10

Dry seasonWet season

Mean hourly canopy light response curves for four sites

Ecosystem response at monthly time scales

monthly average daily shortwave incoming radiation (GJ ha-1 d-1)

120 140 160 180 200 220 240

mo

nth

ly A

vera

ge

da

ily N

EE

(t h

a-1

d-1

)

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

0.01

Manaus K34JaruCaxiuana

Monthly average daily precipitation (mm d-1)

0 5 10 15 20 25

mo

nth

ly A

vera

ge d

aily

NE

E (

t ha

-1 d

-1)

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0.00

0.01

Radiation

Rainfall

Similarity relations - representativity for surface

For all sites the basic s(w)/u* relations are good on average

Jaru, 1999-2000

u*

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

w

)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

b[0]=0.05b[1]=1.16r ²=0.91

(z-d)/L (stable)

0.1 1 10 100

1

10

-(z-d)/L (unstable)

0.1110100

(w

)/u

*

1

10

-0.1 < z/L < 0.1

tota

l flu

x (K

g C

.ha

-1.d

ay-1

)

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

cold warm windy warm normal

NIGHT

24 hour DAY

Julian Day (2000)

185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245

Air T

em

p(

o C)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Win

d S

pe

ed

(m

.s-1)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

The effecct of Friagem on CO2 fluxes in Jaru (P.J. Oliveira)

Are friagem effects causedby low temperature or are they simply more windy days?

H+

LE+

G+

S (

W.m

-2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240 a) Wet Season

Rn (W.m-2)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

H+

LE+

G+

S (

W.m

-2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240 b) Dry Season

Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.71403544

Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.6745665534

1:1

1:1

H+

LE+

G (

W.m

-2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.8943693104

a) Wet Season

Rn (W.m-2)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

H+

LE+

G (

W.m

-2)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

Coefficients:b[0] 0b[1] 0.9506721087

b) Dry Season

1:1

1:1

Energy balance closure at Reserva Jaru and Fazenda Nossa Senhora