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Training report on c and c++
Prepared By: Sumit Batra2809203
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Overview of C
C is developed by Dennis Ritchie
C is a structured programming language
C supports functions that enables easy maintainability
of code, by breaking large file into smaller modules Comments in C provides easy readability
C is a powerful language
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Structure Of C Program
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Execution Of a C ProgramExecuting a C program involves following steps:
Creating the program
Compiling of Program Linking of Program
Execution Of Program
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Operators & Expressions Operator:An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to
perform certain mathematical or logical operations. C supports a set ofOperators.
There are various Operators in C as Follows:1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Assignment Operators
3. Increment/Decrement Operators
4. Relational Operators
5. Logical Operators
6. Conditional Operators
7. Bitwise Operators
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FunctionsA Function is a self-contained program
segment that carries out some specific, well-defined task.Each C program consists of one or more functions . One of
these functions must be called main. Execution of theprogram will always begin by carrying out the instructionsin main.
Types Of Functions:C functions can be classified into two categories:
1. Library functions and
2. User-defined functions..
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ArraysAn Array is a collection of identical data objects which are stored inconsecutive memory locations under a common heading or variable
name. The objects are called elements of the array and are numberedconsecutively 0,1,2,3 and so on. These numbers are called Index Valuesor Subscripts of the Array.
Types of Arrays:
One Dimensional Array Multi Dimensional Array
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CS320 - C Programming 9
Pointers
A pointer is a variable that contains amemory address
Typically, a pointer contains the addressof a variable
Addressing operator (&) calculates the
address a its operand.&x /* expression value == address of x */
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CS320 - C Programming 10
Pointers
Declaring a pointerint *iPtr;
float *fPtr;
iptr is a pointer to an integer
fptr is a pointer to a float
initializing pointers:int idx = 100;
int *ptr = &idx;
OR
ptr = &idx;
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swap the value of two variables
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CS320 - C Programming 12
Storage Classes
Determines where the memory isallocated and how long it remains in
existance storage classes:
o auto
o extern
o static
o register
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CS320 - C Programming 13
auto Storage Class
Default storage class for variablesdeclared in the body of a function
Memory automatically release on exitfrom control block
Example:main() {int age;
auto int idx;
}
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CS320 - C Programming 14
extern Storage Class
Default storage class for variables definedoutside a function body.
Memory allocated for the life of process
Initialized to zero or initial value.
Visable to functions that followdefinition
Example:int age;
main() {...}
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CS320 - C Programming 15
static Storage Class
Memory allocated for the life of theprocess
Initialized to zero or initial value.
Visable to containing block
Maintains value over invocations
Example:myfunc() {
static int age;
}
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CS320 - C Programming 16
register Storage Class
Compiler recommendation use CPUregister
otherwise set to auto
can only be part of control block
myfunc()
{
register int age;
}
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Classifications of Data Types
Built-in data types
Fundamental data types (int, char, double,float, void,
pointer) Derived data types (array, string, structure)
Programmer-defined data types
Structure Union
Enumeration
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Global and Local Variables
Local
Variables These variables are
declared inside some
functions.
Life time of a local
variable is the entireexecution period of the
function in which it is
defined.
Cannot be accessed by any
other function.
In general variablesdeclared inside a block
are accessible only in
that block.
/* Compute Area and Perimeter of a
circle */
#include float pi = 3.14159; /* Global */
main() {
float rad; /* Local */
printf( Enter the radius );
scanf(%f , &rad);
if ( rad > 0.0 ) {
float area = pi * rad * rad;
float peri = 2 * pi * rad;
printf( Area = %f\n , area );
printf( Peri = %f\n , peri );
}else
printf( Negative radius\n);
printf( Area = %f\n , area );
}
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Global and Local Variables
Global
Variables These variables are
declared outside all
functions.
Life time of a global
variable is the entireexecution period of the
program.
Can be accessed by any
function defined below
the declaration, in a
file.
/* Compute Area and Perimeter of a
circle */
#include float pi = 3.14159; /* Global */
main() {
float rad; /* Local */
printf( Enter the radius );
scanf(%f , &rad);
if ( rad > 0.0 ) {
float area = pi * rad * rad;
float peri = 2 * pi * rad;
printf( Area = %f\n , area );
printf( Peri = %f\n , peri );
}else
printf( Negative radius\n);
printf( Area = %f\n , area );
}
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An Overview of C++
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Introduction
C++ is the C programmers answer to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
C++ is an enhanced version of the C
language. C++ adds support for OOP without
sacrificing any of Cs power, or flexibility.
C++ was invented in 1979 by BjarneStroustrup at Bell Laboratories in MurrayHill, New Jersey, USA.
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What is OOP?
OOP is a powerful way to approach the taskof programming.
OOP encourages developers to decompose a
problem into its constituent parts. Each component becomes a self-contained
object that contains its own instructions anddata that relate to that object.
So, complexity is reduced and theprogrammer can manage larger programs.
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#include
int main()
{/* program code */return 0;
}
Sample of C++ program
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Classes: A First Look
General syntax -
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classclass-name{
//private functions and variablespublic:
//public functions and variables}object-list (optional);
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C++ Program#include#includeclass programming
{private:int variable;
public:void input_value()
{ cout > variable; }
void output_value()
{ cout
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Thank You