c and c++ report

7/28/2019 c and c++ report

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Training report on c and c++

Prepared By: Sumit Batra2809203


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Overview of C

C is developed by Dennis Ritchie

C is a structured programming language

C supports functions that enables easy maintainability

of code, by breaking large file into smaller modules Comments in C provides easy readability

C is a powerful language


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Structure Of C Program


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Execution Of a C ProgramExecuting a C program involves following steps:

Creating the program

Compiling of Program Linking of Program

Execution Of Program


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Operators & Expressions Operator:An operator is a symbol that tells the computer to

perform certain mathematical or logical operations. C supports a set ofOperators.

There are various Operators in C as Follows:1. Arithmetic Operators

2. Assignment Operators

3. Increment/Decrement Operators

4. Relational Operators

5. Logical Operators

6. Conditional Operators

7. Bitwise Operators


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FunctionsA Function is a self-contained program

segment that carries out some specific, well-defined task.Each C program consists of one or more functions . One of

these functions must be called main. Execution of theprogram will always begin by carrying out the instructionsin main.

Types Of Functions:C functions can be classified into two categories:

1. Library functions and

2. User-defined functions..


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ArraysAn Array is a collection of identical data objects which are stored inconsecutive memory locations under a common heading or variable

name. The objects are called elements of the array and are numberedconsecutively 0,1,2,3 and so on. These numbers are called Index Valuesor Subscripts of the Array.

Types of Arrays:

One Dimensional Array Multi Dimensional Array


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CS320 - C Programming 9

Pointers

A pointer is a variable that contains amemory address

Typically, a pointer contains the addressof a variable

Addressing operator (&) calculates the

address a its operand.&x /* expression value == address of x */


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Pointers

Declaring a pointerint *iPtr;

float *fPtr;

iptr is a pointer to an integer

fptr is a pointer to a float

initializing pointers:int idx = 100;

int *ptr = &idx;

OR

ptr = &idx;


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swap the value of two variables


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Storage Classes

Determines where the memory isallocated and how long it remains in

existance storage classes:

o auto

o extern

o static

o register


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auto Storage Class

Default storage class for variablesdeclared in the body of a function

Memory automatically release on exitfrom control block

Example:main() {int age;

auto int idx;

}


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extern Storage Class

Default storage class for variables definedoutside a function body.

Memory allocated for the life of process

Initialized to zero or initial value.

Visable to functions that followdefinition

Example:int age;

main() {...}


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static Storage Class

Memory allocated for the life of theprocess

Initialized to zero or initial value.

Visable to containing block

Maintains value over invocations

Example:myfunc() {

static int age;

}


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register Storage Class

Compiler recommendation use CPUregister

otherwise set to auto

can only be part of control block

myfunc()

{

register int age;

}


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Classifications of Data Types

Built-in data types

Fundamental data types (int, char, double,float, void,

pointer) Derived data types (array, string, structure)

Programmer-defined data types

Structure Union

Enumeration


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Global and Local Variables

Local

Variables These variables are

declared inside some

functions.

Life time of a local

variable is the entireexecution period of the

function in which it is

defined.

Cannot be accessed by any

other function.

In general variablesdeclared inside a block

are accessible only in

that block.

/* Compute Area and Perimeter of a

circle */

#include float pi = 3.14159; /* Global */

main() {

float rad; /* Local */

printf( Enter the radius );

scanf(%f , &rad);

if ( rad > 0.0 ) {

float area = pi * rad * rad;

float peri = 2 * pi * rad;

printf( Area = %f\n , area );

printf( Peri = %f\n , peri );

}else

printf( Negative radius\n);


}


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Global and Local Variables

Global

Variables These variables are

declared outside all

functions.

Life time of a global

variable is the entireexecution period of the

program.

Can be accessed by any

function defined below

the declaration, in a

file.

/* Compute Area and Perimeter of a

circle */

#include float pi = 3.14159; /* Global */

main() {

float rad; /* Local */

printf( Enter the radius );

scanf(%f , &rad);

if ( rad > 0.0 ) {

float area = pi * rad * rad;

float peri = 2 * pi * rad;


printf( Peri = %f\n , peri );

}else

printf( Negative radius\n);


}


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An Overview of C++


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Introduction

C++ is the C programmers answer to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).

C++ is an enhanced version of the C

language. C++ adds support for OOP without

sacrificing any of Cs power, or flexibility.

C++ was invented in 1979 by BjarneStroustrup at Bell Laboratories in MurrayHill, New Jersey, USA.

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What is OOP?

OOP is a powerful way to approach the taskof programming.

OOP encourages developers to decompose a

problem into its constituent parts. Each component becomes a self-contained

object that contains its own instructions anddata that relate to that object.

So, complexity is reduced and theprogrammer can manage larger programs.

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-

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#include

int main()

{/* program code */return 0;

}

Sample of C++ program


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Classes: A First Look

General syntax -

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classclass-name{

//private functions and variablespublic:

//public functions and variables}object-list (optional);


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C++ Program#include#includeclass programming

{private:int variable;

public:void input_value()

{ cout > variable; }

void output_value()

{ cout


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Thank You

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