ThisPPThasbeencreatedusingtheinformationfromtheAMSCOHumanGeography:PreparingfortheAdvancedPlacementExaminationbook.Palmer, David. AMSCO Advanced Placement Human Geography. Perfection Learning, 2019.
By:CarliTerrell(Orlando,Florida)
UNIT4– POLITICALORGANIZATIONOFSPACECH9:THESHAPEOFTHEPOLITICALMAP
ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(4.A)By the end of this section, you will understand that thecontemporary political map has been shaped byevents of the past.
[Soviet] General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek
peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization,
come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this
gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!-PresidentRonaldReagan,speech,1987
ESSENTIALQUESTIONWhatsocial,historical,andeconomicfactorshaveinfluencedmodernpoliticalmapsatvariousscales?
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.1.A)
By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thestructure of the contemporary political map.a. Independent states are the primary building blocks of theworld political map.
b. Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistatenations, and autonomous regions.
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP• Empiresandkingdomswerecommoninmostoftheworldforthepasttwothousandyears.
• Globalforces,wars,andchangingideasaboutpoliticalpower,economics,andself-rulehavereshapedtheworldmapoverthelast400years.
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE
IndependentStatesasBuildingBlocks
• Politicalunitsexistatvariousscales:townorcity,county,state,acountry,etc.
• Redefiningstate:thelargestpoliticalunit– formaltermforacountry
• Mustmeetthesefourrequirements• Definedboundary• Permanentpopulation(Antarctica)• Maintainssovereignty(PuertoRico)• Recognizedbyotherstates(KosovoandSomaliland)
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• Sovereignty isthepowerofapoliticalunittoruleoveritsownaffairs.
• Inorderforapoliticalunittohavelegitimacy,itmusthavesovereignty.
• Maybechallengedonthelocalorglobalscale• China’sclaimthatTaiwanisnothingmorethanarenegadeprovinceisadirectchallengetoTaiwan’ssovereignty.
• Taiwandoesnotfullymeetthethirdandfourthcriteria.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.1.B)
By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thestructure of the contemporary political map.a. Independent states are the primary building blocks of theworld political map.
b. Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistatenations, and autonomous regions.
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE
• TypesofPoliticalEntities• Nation
• Agroupofpeoplethatshareacommonculturalheritage
• Havebeliefsandvaluesthathelpunify
them
• Claimaparticularspacebasedontraditionastheirhomeland
• Desiretoestablishtheirownstateor
expressself-determinationinanother
way
• SoFranceisthestate andtheFrencharethenation. Nation
State
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• Nation-State• Asingularnationofpeoplewhofulfillthequalificationsofastate.
Iceland• 94% of population is
Icelandic.• Scandinavian settlers
founded Iceland onan island that had noindigenouspopulation.
Japan • 99% of population are
Japanese.• A strong national
identity coupled with strict immigration policies have maintained Japan as a nation-state.
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• Nation:thepeople• State:thecountry• Nationstate:thecountrywithalmostallonenation.
Nation• Kurds• Catalans• The French
State• Belgium• Nigeria• USA
Nation-State• Japan• France• Iceland
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• MultinationalStates• Acountrythatcontainsmorethanonenation.• Onedominantnationthatcontrolsmostpoliticalpower.• Example:Canada
• Englishspeakersdominatebut25%speakFrench• MostliveinQuebec• TopreventQuebecfromdemandingindependence,thenationalgovernmentpassedlawsgivingQuebeclocalautonomyingovernmentandeducation.
• Nunavut:indigenousInuitregionofCanada
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• AutonomousRegion• Adefinedareawithinastatethathasahighdegreeofself-
governmentandfreedomfromitsparentstate.• Usuallygrantedtogeographically,ethnically,orculturally
distinctareas.• Example:Åland(Aw-land)isagroupofislandsintheBaltic
Sea;partofFinlandbutliesnearSweden;mostresidentsareSwedishandspeakthatlanguage.AfterWWI,ÅlandaskedtheLeagueofNationsiftheycouldjoinSwedenbuttheyruledthattheywouldremainanon-militarized,largelyself-governingentitythatbelongstoFinland.
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• StatelessNation• Farmorenationsthanstates=manynationsdonothavea
stateoftheirown• Oftenhaveapoliticalorganization,however• Aculturalgroupthathasnoindependentpoliticalentity• Seekingtobecomeindependent• Palestinians(GazaStripandOccupiedWestBank)• Basque(NESpainandSWFranceinthePyrenees
mountains)• Kurds– largeststatelessnation(Turkey,Armenia,Iraq,
Iran,Azerbaijan,andSyria)
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE
CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities
• MultistateNation• Occurswhenanationofpeoplehasastateofitsownbut
stretchesacrossbordersofotherstates.• Examples
• MostHungariansliveinHungarybutmanyliveintheTransylvaniaregionofRomania
• TheKoreannationisdividedmostlybetweenNorthandSouthKoreabutthereisalargenumberinChinaandtheUnitedStates
UNIT4– POLITICALORGANIZATIONOFSPACECH9:THESHAPEOFTHEPOLITICALMAP
ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(4.A)By the end of this section, you will understand that thecontemporary political map has been shaped byevents of the past.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.2)By the end of this section, you will be able to explain theevolution of the contemporary political map.a. The concept of the modern nation-state began in Europe.b. Colonialism and imperialism led to the spread ofnationalism and influenced contemporary politicalboundaries.
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP
• Today’sworldmapincludesnationswithoutstates,nations
inmultiplestates,andstatescontainingmultiplenations.
• Thisreflectstheevolutionofpolitics,economics,and
warfareoverthelastroughly600years.
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPModernNation-StateConcept
• MostEuropeanhistory– norelationbetweenlanguageandstate• ThosewhopaidallegiancetotheKingofFranceinthe1500sdidnotspeakFrench– theyspokearegionallanguage.
• ThosespeakingItalianinthe1600swerenotassumedtobepartofthesamestate.
• Theideaofthenationstatestartedtotakeholdbythe1700sinFranceandEnglandbutthemapdidnotreflectthisdesire.
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP
Modern Nation-State Concept
• Tiny states and a few multi-ethnicempires (Russian, Ottoman, etc.)
• 1800s saw an explosion ofnationalism in Europe
• Some rebelled against being partof an empire that was controlledby another culture and otherswanted to consolidate into unifiedcountries (Italy and Germany).
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPForcesUnifyingandBreakingApartCountries
• Nationalism:anation’sdesiretocreateandmaintainastateofitsown• Centripetalforce:unifiespeople
• Sharedreligion• Externalthreats• Commonlanguage
• Centrifugalforce:breaksstatesapartorkeepsthemfromforming• Religion/language– Belgium
• NorthernDutchProtestantsspeakFlemish• SouthernRomanCatholicsspeakFrench
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.2.B)By the end of this section, you will be able to explain theevolution of the contemporary political map.a. The concept of the modern nation-state began in Europe.b. Colonialism and imperialism led to the spread ofnationalism and influenced contemporary politicalboundaries.
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP
ImperialismandColonialism
• Similarconceptsbutnotthesame
• Imperialism• Broaderconcept
• Includesmanywaysofinfluencinganothercountryorgroupof
people,bydirectconquest,byeconomiccontrol,orbycultural
dominance.
• Colonialism• Typeofimperialism
• Peoplemoveintoandsettleonthelandofanothercountry
EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPImperialismandColonialism
EARLYCOLONIALISM LATERCOLONIALISM• Spain and Portugal• Then France and Britain• Focused on the Americas• Gold, God, and Glory• Religious influence, economic
wealth, and political power• Terra Nullius led to the
dispossession of indigenous people
• 19th Century• Great Britain, France, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Germany
• Focus: Africa and Asia• Berlin Conference
UNIT4– POLITICALORGANIZATIONOFSPACECH9:THESHAPEOFTHEPOLITICALMAP
ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(4.A)By the end of this section, you will understand that thecontemporary political map has been shaped byevents of the past.
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.3)
By the end of this section, you will be able to evaluate thegeopolitical forces that influence the contemporarypolitical map.a. Students will know that independence movements anddemocratization have shaped the political map since theend of World War II.
b. Students will know that the fall of Communism ended theCold War, led to the creation of newly independent states,and changed the world balance of power.
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
• WhiletheEuropeancoloniesinAfricaandAsiadidnotlast
long,theirlegacywasstrong.
• Incanbeseenincontemporarymapsandthelinksamong
countries.
ModernColonialIndependenceMovements
• ColonistsoftenresistedtheruleofEuropeans,sometimesviolently,becausetheywantedeconomiccontrolovernaturalresources,freeelections,andchangesinsociety(racialequality,religiousfreedom)
• TheUnitedNationssupportedthesedemandsforself-determinationandwithin100yearsoftheBerlinConference,almostallEuropeancolonialterritoriesgainedindependence.
• Thisisknownasdecolonization.
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
ModernColonialIndependenceMovements
• However,manygainedpoliticalindependence,butnoteconomicindependence
• Transnationalcorporationscontinuedtoextractnaturalresources• Mining• Coffee,cacao,bananas,etc.
• Neocolonization,rememberneomeansnew,iswhencontroloverdevelopingcountriesisindirect andcanbeeconomic,political,orevencultural.
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
DECOLONIZATION
CivilWarsintheDevelopingWorld
• From1960-1970,32colonies,notculturalgroups,gainedindependenceandmanyimposedboundariesremained.
• Culturalandpoliticalboundariesdidnotmatchleadingtocivilwar• Rwanda,1994
• HutuandTutsi• Genocide
• Pattern:Independenceà civilwarandregionalconflict
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.3)By the end of this section, you will be able to evaluate thegeopolitical forces that influence the contemporarypolitical map.a. Students will know that independence movements anddemocratization have shaped the political map since theend of World War II.
b. Students will know that the fall of Communism ended theCold War, led to the creation of newly independent states,and changed the world balance of power.
TheColdWar• Waragainstthespreadofcommunism
• Diplomatic,political,andmilitaryrivalrybetweentheUnitedStates
andtheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR/SovietUnion)
• StartedafterWorldWarI(1945)
• ContinuedthroughthecollapseoftheBerlinWall(1989)
• EndedwiththebreakupoftheSovietUnion(1991)
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
COLLAPSEOFTHEBERLINWALL
BREAKUPOFTHESOVIETUNION
TheColdWar
• TheUnitedStatesandSovietUniondidnotfightdirectly– they
foughtproxywars(proxy:representative)
• Korea
• Vietnam
• Afghanistan
• Goalwastoextendtheirsphereofinfluence
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
KOREAN WAR
VIETNAM WAR
AFGHANISTAN WAR
TheColdWar• FrontlinefortheColdWarwasinEurope
• AfterdefeatingtheNazis,EuropewasdividedbetweenEastandWest
• EastbecameSovietsatellitestates (dominatedpoliticallyand
economicallybyanotherstate)
• Hungary(1956)andCzechoslovakia(1968)triedtobreakawayfrom
Sovietdominationbutwereunsuccessful
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
TheColdWar• Germanywasmorecomplicatedandwasdividedin4zones
• UnitedStates
• UnitedKingdom
• France
• SovietUnion
• First3formedtheFederalRepublicofGermany(West)
• SovietzonebecametheGermanDemocraticRepublic
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
TheColdWar• ThesplitcarriedintothesmallercityofBerlin,locatedinsidethe
Sovietzone.
• Dividedintofourparts
• Soviet– EastBerlin
• Otherthree– WestBerlin(locatedinEastGermany– whichis
Soviet)
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
The Collapse of Communism• Late 1980s – new leadership relaxes the grip on satellite states
• November 1989, Germans on both sides bring down the Berlin Wall
• Germany reunites and former satellite states hold free elections
• Soviet Union began to collapse and, eventually, all 15 republics
became independent states.
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
Newly Independent States• After 1990, political borders changed again
• Most of Europe made a smooth transition out of communism
• Example: 1993, Czechoslovakia transitioned into the Czech
Republic and Republic of Slovakia – called the Velvet Divorce• Some were more violent
• Example: 1991, Yugoslavia – ethnic tension erupted and
hundreds of thousands died in clashes between the Bosnians,
Serbs, and others
• Ethnic cleansing – the forced removal of a minority ethnic
group from a territory.
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP
ChangesintheBalanceofPower• The collapse of communism and the Soviet Union drastically changed
the balance of power in Europe and the world
• Some countries joined the European Union (EU) and the North
Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO), the western military alliance
formed in 1949 to oppose Soviet military power in Europe
• The balance of economic, political, and military power tilted toward
Western Europe and the United States
GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP