by: carli terrell (orlando, florida)...•war against the spread of communism •diplomatic,...

ThisPPThasbeencreatedusingtheinformationfromtheAMSCOHumanGeography:PreparingfortheAdvancedPlacementExaminationbook.Palmer, David. AMSCO Advanced Placement Human Geography. Perfection Learning, 2019.

By:CarliTerrell(Orlando,Florida)

UNIT4– POLITICALORGANIZATIONOFSPACECH9:THESHAPEOFTHEPOLITICALMAP

ENDURINGUNDERSTANDING(4.A)By the end of this section, you will understand that thecontemporary political map has been shaped byevents of the past.

[Soviet] General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek

peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union

and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization,

come here to this gate. Mr. Gorbachev, open this

gate. Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!-PresidentRonaldReagan,speech,1987

ESSENTIALQUESTIONWhatsocial,historical,andeconomicfactorshaveinfluencedmodernpoliticalmapsatvariousscales?

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.1.A)

By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thestructure of the contemporary political map.a. Independent states are the primary building blocks of theworld political map.

b. Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistatenations, and autonomous regions.

CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP• Empiresandkingdomswerecommoninmostoftheworldforthepasttwothousandyears.

• Globalforces,wars,andchangingideasaboutpoliticalpower,economics,andself-rulehavereshapedtheworldmapoverthelast400years.

CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE

IndependentStatesasBuildingBlocks

• Politicalunitsexistatvariousscales:townorcity,county,state,acountry,etc.

• Redefiningstate:thelargestpoliticalunit– formaltermforacountry

• Mustmeetthesefourrequirements• Definedboundary• Permanentpopulation(Antarctica)• Maintainssovereignty(PuertoRico)• Recognizedbyotherstates(KosovoandSomaliland)

CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• Sovereignty isthepowerofapoliticalunittoruleoveritsownaffairs.

• Inorderforapoliticalunittohavelegitimacy,itmusthavesovereignty.

• Maybechallengedonthelocalorglobalscale• China’sclaimthatTaiwanisnothingmorethanarenegadeprovinceisadirectchallengetoTaiwan’ssovereignty.

• Taiwandoesnotfullymeetthethirdandfourthcriteria.

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.1.B)

By the end of this section, you will be able to explain thestructure of the contemporary political map.a. Independent states are the primary building blocks of theworld political map.

b. Types of political entities include nations, states, nation-states, stateless nations, multinational states, multistatenations, and autonomous regions.


• TypesofPoliticalEntities• Nation

• Agroupofpeoplethatshareacommonculturalheritage

• Havebeliefsandvaluesthathelpunify

them

• Claimaparticularspacebasedontraditionastheirhomeland

• Desiretoestablishtheirownstateor

expressself-determinationinanother

way

• SoFranceisthestate andtheFrencharethenation. Nation

State

CONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPSTRUCTURE• TypesofPoliticalEntities

• Nation-State• Asingularnationofpeoplewhofulfillthequalificationsofastate.

Iceland• 94% of population is

Icelandic.• Scandinavian settlers

founded Iceland onan island that had noindigenouspopulation.

Japan • 99% of population are

Japanese.• A strong national

identity coupled with strict immigration policies have maintained Japan as a nation-state.


• Nation:thepeople• State:thecountry• Nationstate:thecountrywithalmostallonenation.

Nation• Kurds• Catalans• The French

State• Belgium• Nigeria• USA

Nation-State• Japan• France• Iceland


• MultinationalStates• Acountrythatcontainsmorethanonenation.• Onedominantnationthatcontrolsmostpoliticalpower.• Example:Canada

• Englishspeakersdominatebut25%speakFrench• MostliveinQuebec• TopreventQuebecfromdemandingindependence,thenationalgovernmentpassedlawsgivingQuebeclocalautonomyingovernmentandeducation.

• Nunavut:indigenousInuitregionofCanada


• AutonomousRegion• Adefinedareawithinastatethathasahighdegreeofself-

governmentandfreedomfromitsparentstate.• Usuallygrantedtogeographically,ethnically,orculturally

distinctareas.• Example:Åland(Aw-land)isagroupofislandsintheBaltic

Sea;partofFinlandbutliesnearSweden;mostresidentsareSwedishandspeakthatlanguage.AfterWWI,ÅlandaskedtheLeagueofNationsiftheycouldjoinSwedenbuttheyruledthattheywouldremainanon-militarized,largelyself-governingentitythatbelongstoFinland.


• StatelessNation• Farmorenationsthanstates=manynationsdonothavea

stateoftheirown• Oftenhaveapoliticalorganization,however• Aculturalgroupthathasnoindependentpoliticalentity• Seekingtobecomeindependent• Palestinians(GazaStripandOccupiedWestBank)• Basque(NESpainandSWFranceinthePyrenees

mountains)• Kurds– largeststatelessnation(Turkey,Armenia,Iraq,

Iran,Azerbaijan,andSyria)


• MultistateNation• Occurswhenanationofpeoplehasastateofitsownbut

stretchesacrossbordersofotherstates.• Examples

• MostHungariansliveinHungarybutmanyliveintheTransylvaniaregionofRomania

• TheKoreannationisdividedmostlybetweenNorthandSouthKoreabutthereisalargenumberinChinaandtheUnitedStates

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.2)By the end of this section, you will be able to explain theevolution of the contemporary political map.a. The concept of the modern nation-state began in Europe.b. Colonialism and imperialism led to the spread ofnationalism and influenced contemporary politicalboundaries.

EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAP

• Today’sworldmapincludesnationswithoutstates,nations

inmultiplestates,andstatescontainingmultiplenations.

• Thisreflectstheevolutionofpolitics,economics,and

warfareoverthelastroughly600years.

EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPModernNation-StateConcept

• MostEuropeanhistory– norelationbetweenlanguageandstate• ThosewhopaidallegiancetotheKingofFranceinthe1500sdidnotspeakFrench– theyspokearegionallanguage.

• ThosespeakingItalianinthe1600swerenotassumedtobepartofthesamestate.

• Theideaofthenationstatestartedtotakeholdbythe1700sinFranceandEnglandbutthemapdidnotreflectthisdesire.


Modern Nation-State Concept

• Tiny states and a few multi-ethnicempires (Russian, Ottoman, etc.)

• 1800s saw an explosion ofnationalism in Europe

• Some rebelled against being partof an empire that was controlledby another culture and otherswanted to consolidate into unifiedcountries (Italy and Germany).

EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPForcesUnifyingandBreakingApartCountries

• Nationalism:anation’sdesiretocreateandmaintainastateofitsown• Centripetalforce:unifiespeople

• Sharedreligion• Externalthreats• Commonlanguage

• Centrifugalforce:breaksstatesapartorkeepsthemfromforming• Religion/language– Belgium

• NorthernDutchProtestantsspeakFlemish• SouthernRomanCatholicsspeakFrench

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.2.B)By the end of this section, you will be able to explain theevolution of the contemporary political map.a. The concept of the modern nation-state began in Europe.b. Colonialism and imperialism led to the spread ofnationalism and influenced contemporary politicalboundaries.


ImperialismandColonialism

• Similarconceptsbutnotthesame

• Imperialism• Broaderconcept

• Includesmanywaysofinfluencinganothercountryorgroupof

people,bydirectconquest,byeconomiccontrol,orbycultural

dominance.

• Colonialism• Typeofimperialism

• Peoplemoveintoandsettleonthelandofanothercountry

EVOLUTIONOFTHECONTEMPORARYPOLITICALMAPImperialismandColonialism

EARLYCOLONIALISM LATERCOLONIALISM• Spain and Portugal• Then France and Britain• Focused on the Americas• Gold, God, and Glory• Religious influence, economic

wealth, and political power• Terra Nullius led to the

dispossession of indigenous people

• 19th Century• Great Britain, France, the

Netherlands, Belgium, Italy, and Germany

• Focus: Africa and Asia• Berlin Conference

LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.3)

By the end of this section, you will be able to evaluate thegeopolitical forces that influence the contemporarypolitical map.a. Students will know that independence movements anddemocratization have shaped the political map since theend of World War II.

b. Students will know that the fall of Communism ended theCold War, led to the creation of newly independent states,and changed the world balance of power.

GEOPOLITICALFORCESINFLUENCINGTODAY’SMAP

• WhiletheEuropeancoloniesinAfricaandAsiadidnotlast

long,theirlegacywasstrong.

• Incanbeseenincontemporarymapsandthelinksamong

countries.

ModernColonialIndependenceMovements

• ColonistsoftenresistedtheruleofEuropeans,sometimesviolently,becausetheywantedeconomiccontrolovernaturalresources,freeelections,andchangesinsociety(racialequality,religiousfreedom)

• TheUnitedNationssupportedthesedemandsforself-determinationandwithin100yearsoftheBerlinConference,almostallEuropeancolonialterritoriesgainedindependence.

• Thisisknownasdecolonization.


ModernColonialIndependenceMovements

• However,manygainedpoliticalindependence,butnoteconomicindependence

• Transnationalcorporationscontinuedtoextractnaturalresources• Mining• Coffee,cacao,bananas,etc.

• Neocolonization,rememberneomeansnew,iswhencontroloverdevelopingcountriesisindirect andcanbeeconomic,political,orevencultural.


DECOLONIZATION

CivilWarsintheDevelopingWorld

• From1960-1970,32colonies,notculturalgroups,gainedindependenceandmanyimposedboundariesremained.

• Culturalandpoliticalboundariesdidnotmatchleadingtocivilwar• Rwanda,1994

• HutuandTutsi• Genocide

• Pattern:Independenceà civilwarandregionalconflict


LEARNINGOBJECTIVE(4.A.3)By the end of this section, you will be able to evaluate thegeopolitical forces that influence the contemporarypolitical map.a. Students will know that independence movements anddemocratization have shaped the political map since theend of World War II.

b. Students will know that the fall of Communism ended theCold War, led to the creation of newly independent states,and changed the world balance of power.

TheColdWar• Waragainstthespreadofcommunism

• Diplomatic,political,andmilitaryrivalrybetweentheUnitedStates

andtheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR/SovietUnion)

• StartedafterWorldWarI(1945)

• ContinuedthroughthecollapseoftheBerlinWall(1989)

• EndedwiththebreakupoftheSovietUnion(1991)


COLLAPSEOFTHEBERLINWALL

BREAKUPOFTHESOVIETUNION

TheColdWar

• TheUnitedStatesandSovietUniondidnotfightdirectly– they

foughtproxywars(proxy:representative)

• Korea

• Vietnam

• Afghanistan

• Goalwastoextendtheirsphereofinfluence


KOREAN WAR

VIETNAM WAR

AFGHANISTAN WAR

TheColdWar• FrontlinefortheColdWarwasinEurope

• AfterdefeatingtheNazis,EuropewasdividedbetweenEastandWest

• EastbecameSovietsatellitestates (dominatedpoliticallyand

economicallybyanotherstate)

• Hungary(1956)andCzechoslovakia(1968)triedtobreakawayfrom

Sovietdominationbutwereunsuccessful


TheColdWar• Germanywasmorecomplicatedandwasdividedin4zones

• UnitedStates

• UnitedKingdom

• France

• SovietUnion

• First3formedtheFederalRepublicofGermany(West)

• SovietzonebecametheGermanDemocraticRepublic


TheColdWar• ThesplitcarriedintothesmallercityofBerlin,locatedinsidethe

Sovietzone.

• Dividedintofourparts

• Soviet– EastBerlin

• Otherthree– WestBerlin(locatedinEastGermany– whichis

Soviet)


The Collapse of Communism• Late 1980s – new leadership relaxes the grip on satellite states

• November 1989, Germans on both sides bring down the Berlin Wall

• Germany reunites and former satellite states hold free elections

• Soviet Union began to collapse and, eventually, all 15 republics

became independent states.


Newly Independent States• After 1990, political borders changed again

• Most of Europe made a smooth transition out of communism

• Example: 1993, Czechoslovakia transitioned into the Czech

Republic and Republic of Slovakia – called the Velvet Divorce• Some were more violent

• Example: 1991, Yugoslavia – ethnic tension erupted and

hundreds of thousands died in clashes between the Bosnians,

Serbs, and others

• Ethnic cleansing – the forced removal of a minority ethnic

group from a territory.


ChangesintheBalanceofPower• The collapse of communism and the Soviet Union drastically changed

the balance of power in Europe and the world

• Some countries joined the European Union (EU) and the North

Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO), the western military alliance

formed in 1949 to oppose Soviet military power in Europe

• The balance of economic, political, and military power tilted toward

Western Europe and the United States


by: carli terrell (orlando, florida)...•war against the spread of communism •diplomatic,...

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