Built Environment Research Update
2012 Small Wind
NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.
Association of Testers International Conference
Jason Fields, National Wind Technology Center,
April 25, 2012 Ithaca, NY
Introduction
Personal Background– Mechanical Engineer, TTU WISE– Consulting Engineer,
Black & Veatch– Wind Engineer, NREL
Personal experience with over 2500 MW of wind projects
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NREL Deployment & Market Transformation
– Applied Support Work– Barrier Reduction– Outreach– R&D
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NREL – US FFRDC
• Federally Funded Research & Development Center• Independent, objective, nonprofit Government advisers• High level of technical excellence and expertise• Administered by academia or non profit agency• Operated in a wide range of industries
• Defense• Energy
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• Aviation• Space• Health & Human Services• Taxes
• Examples: NREL, NCAR, LLNL, Sandia, JPL, etc . . .
NREL – Key Metrics
• Mission Statement:NREL develops renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and practices, advances related science and engineering, and transfers knowledge and innovations to address the nation's energy and environmental goals.
• Covers all renewable technologies• ~2500 people, ~150 wind, ~ 250 Solar
NATIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY
• ~2500 people, ~150 wind, ~ 250 Solar• Multiple Facilities
• HQ-Golden, CO• National Wind Technology Center-Boulder,CO• Blade Test Facility-Boston, MA
NREL Wind Facilities• HPC Facilities(15k cores x 2)• Existing Multi MW Interconnect• Blade Test Facility (50m)• Dynamometer Facilities
• 275kW• 2.5MW• 5.0MW
• Utility Scale Wind Turbines
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• Utility Scale Wind Turbines• GE 1.5 MW SLE (DOE)• Siemens 2.3 MW-101• Alstom 3 MW-100• Gamesa 2.0 MW G97
• Meteorological Towers• M2-80m long-term data record• M4-135m high resolution inflow tower• M5-135m high resolution inflow tower
What is Built Environment?
Wind Turbines installed in the urban environment
• Building Mounted• Surface Mounted near Buildings• Existing design standards
not intended for urban environment • Existing test protocols
not intended for urban environment
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not intended for urban environment
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Built Environment Wind Turbines
Benefits• Clean & Renewable• Visibility• Distributed Generation
Challenges• Safety• Reliability
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• Reliability• Performance & Economics
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Bahrain World Trade Center
Photo from iStock/6924031
Let science answer the questions!
BEWT-NREL Approach
Study
Research Deployment
Publications
Tools
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MeasureModelOutreach
BEWT-Study
Literature Search• Existing Small Wind Standards
• AWEA• BWEA• IEC 61400-2
• Previous BEWT Studies• Warwick Wind Trials• NREL BEWT Roadmap
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• Beller Thesis (DTU)
• Wind Engineering• ASCE 7
• Survey of existing turbine designs
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Beller Thesis Cover(DTU)
BEWT-MeasureIndex Topic
3.56 Wind profile, wind shear law
3.6 Wind speed distribution
6.2 SWT classes
6.3.1 Inclination flow
6.3.2.1 Wind speed distribution
6.3.2.2 Normal Wind profile model (NWP)
6.3.2.3 Normal Turbulence Model (NTM)
What, Where, and How?
The What• Resource Characterization
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6.3.3.2 Extreme Wind Speed Model (EWM)
6.3.3.3 Extreme Operating Gust (EOG)
6.3.3.4 Extreme direction Change (EDC)
6.3.3.5 Extreme Coherent Gust (ECG)
6.3.3.6Extreme Coherent gust with Direction
Change(ECD)
• Resource Characterization• Inflow Angle• Turbulence• 3D Wind
• Turbine Response• Yaw rates• Vibration• Power production
BEWT-Measure
WhereBEWT Case Mount Exposure Configuration Location Hub height
Rotor
diam.
m m
1 (Control a) Ground Open3 bladed HAWT-
downwindNREL NWTC 16 3.7
2 (Control b) Ground Open VAWT NREL NWTC
3 Ground Urban HAWT CO 16 3.7
4Building
TopMount Urban HAWT OR 16 3.7
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5Building
SidemountUrban HAWT TBD 16 3.7
6Building
IntegratedUrban HAWT TBD 16 3.7
7 Ground Urban VAWT TBD
8Building
TopMount Urban
VAWT TBD
9Building
Sidemount Urban
VAWT TBD
10Building
IntegratedUrban
VAWT TBD
BEWT-Measure
Where
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Photo by Joe Smith, NREL/PIX
NREL NWTC Control Case
Example Field Case 3
Example Field Case 8
Example Field Case 5
BEWT-Measure
How
Instrument Suite
3-axis Sonic Anemometer
Yaw Encoder
Acceleratormeter
Strain Gages
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Strain Gages
Temperature
Barometric Pressure
Wetness Sensor
(Ice Detection)
Power transducer
Datalogger &
Communications
BEWT-Model
Design, Testing & Siting• TurbSIM or
CFD(LES/URANS)• FAST Aeroelastic Model• HAWT & VAWT
reference cases
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• Wind field = U (y,z,t)
• Unsteady wind shear superimposed
• Rotational sampling effect increases effective wind fluctuations
BEWT-Stakeholder Input
Community Needs?• Product Definition
• Publications• Tools• Workflow• Outreach
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• Study Areas• Planning for IEA Task 27
overlap• HAWT Vs VAWT• Resource Assessment
Contact Information
Jason FieldsNREL-NWTC
Deployment & Market Transformation
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303-384-7150http://www.nrel.gov/wind/