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BONES
Definition of Bone
- 0S (L); osteon (G).
- Osteology, ossification, osteomyelitis.
Classification of Bones
A. According to Shape
1. Long ones!
a. "ypical long #ones e.g. h$mer$s, fem$r.#. %iniat$re long #ones e.g. metacarpal,
metatarsal & phalanges.
c. %odified long #one e.g. cla'icle.
. Short ones e.g. c$#oid, c$neiform, trapeoid,
scapiod, carpal & tarsal #ones.
*. +lat ones e.g. 'a$lt of the s$ll, stern$m,
scap$la.
. rreg$lar ones e.g. 'erte#ra, hip #one.
/. ne$matic ones e.g. mailla, sphenoid,ethmoid
2. Sesamoid ones e.g. patella, pisiform.
3. Accessory ones e.g. S$t$ral #one
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. 4e'elopmental classification
1. %em#rane ones5 ossify in mem#rane e.g.
#ones of 'a$lt of s$ll and facial #ones.
. 6artilagino$s ones5 ossify in cartilage e.g.
#ones of the lim#s, 'erte#ral col$mn and thoracic
cage.
*. %em#rano-6artilagino$s ones5ossifypartly in mem#rane and partly in cartilage, e.g.
cla'icle, mandi#le.
6. 7egional 6lassification
1. Aial seleton
. Appendic$lar seleton
4. Str$ct$ral 6lassification
1. %acroscopical! a. 6ompact e.g. corte of long
#ones.
#. 6ancello$s spongy ortra#ec$lar #one.
. %icroscopical! a. Lamellar #one 8 mat$re
h$man #one.
#. +i#ro$s #one 8 yo$ng foetal
#ones.
c. 4entine
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d. 6ement occ$r in teeth
Medicolegal and Anthropological Aspects
1. 9stimation of seleton age
. 9stimation of se
*. 9stimation of stat$re (:eight)
. 9stimation of race
Blood supply of lone bone is derived from the:
a. $trient arteries
#. eriosteal arteries
c. 9piphyseal arteries
d. %etaphyseal arteries
Nerve Supply of Bones
er'es accompany the #lood 'essels. %ost of them
are sympathetic and 'asomotor in f$nction. A fe< of
them are sensory
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*. ro'ide s$rface for the attachment of m$scles,
tendons, ligaments, etc.
. "hey ser'e as le'ers for m$sc$lar actions.
/. rotect the #rain, thoracic 'iscera & spinal cord.2. one marro< man$fact$res #lood cells.
3. ones store =3> of #ody calci$m and phosphor$s.
?. one marro< contains cell that tae part in the
imm$ne responses of the #ody.
=. "he larger paranasal air sin$ses affect the tim#er of
the 'oice.Applied Anatomy
1. erioste$m is partic$larly sensiti'e to tearing and
tension. +ract$re, t$mo$rs and infections of the
#one are 'ery painf$l.
. one s$pply of #one is so rich that it is 'erydiffic$lt to interr$pt it s$fficiently to ill the #one.
*. +ract$re is a #rea in the contin$ity of a #one
- Simple (closed) fract$re 5 not connected
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/. Sc$r'y (deficiency of 'itamin 6), formation of
collageneo$s fi#res and matri is impaired. "he
normal architect$re at the gro