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BONES

Definition of Bone

- 0S (L); osteon (G).

- Osteology, ossification, osteomyelitis.

Classification of Bones

A. According to Shape

1. Long ones!

a. "ypical long #ones e.g. h$mer$s, fem$r.#. %iniat$re long #ones e.g. metacarpal,

metatarsal & phalanges.

c. %odified long #one e.g. cla'icle.

. Short ones e.g. c$#oid, c$neiform, trapeoid,

scapiod, carpal & tarsal #ones.

*. +lat ones e.g. 'a$lt of the s$ll, stern$m,

scap$la.

. rreg$lar ones e.g. 'erte#ra, hip #one.

/. ne$matic ones e.g. mailla, sphenoid,ethmoid

2. Sesamoid ones e.g. patella, pisiform.

3. Accessory ones e.g. S$t$ral #one

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. 4e'elopmental classification

1. %em#rane ones5 ossify in mem#rane e.g.

#ones of 'a$lt of s$ll and facial #ones.

. 6artilagino$s ones5 ossify in cartilage e.g.

#ones of the lim#s, 'erte#ral col$mn and thoracic

cage.

*. %em#rano-6artilagino$s ones5ossifypartly in mem#rane and partly in cartilage, e.g.

cla'icle, mandi#le.

6. 7egional 6lassification

1. Aial seleton

. Appendic$lar seleton

4. Str$ct$ral 6lassification

1. %acroscopical! a. 6ompact e.g. corte of long

#ones.

#. 6ancello$s spongy ortra#ec$lar #one.

. %icroscopical! a. Lamellar #one 8 mat$re

h$man #one.

#. +i#ro$s #one 8 yo$ng foetal

#ones.

c. 4entine

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d. 6ement occ$r in teeth

Medicolegal and Anthropological Aspects

1. 9stimation of seleton age

. 9stimation of se

*. 9stimation of stat$re (:eight)

. 9stimation of race

Blood supply of lone bone is derived from the:

a. $trient arteries

#. eriosteal arteries

c. 9piphyseal arteries

d. %etaphyseal arteries

Nerve Supply of Bones

er'es accompany the #lood 'essels. %ost of them

are sympathetic and 'asomotor in f$nction. A fe< of

them are sensory

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*. ro'ide s$rface for the attachment of m$scles,

tendons, ligaments, etc.

. "hey ser'e as le'ers for m$sc$lar actions.

/. rotect the #rain, thoracic 'iscera & spinal cord.2. one marro< man$fact$res #lood cells.

3. ones store =3> of #ody calci$m and phosphor$s.

?. one marro< contains cell that tae part in the

imm$ne responses of the #ody.

=. "he larger paranasal air sin$ses affect the tim#er of

the 'oice.Applied Anatomy

1. erioste$m is partic$larly sensiti'e to tearing and

tension. +ract$re, t$mo$rs and infections of the

#one are 'ery painf$l.

. one s$pply of #one is so rich that it is 'erydiffic$lt to interr$pt it s$fficiently to ill the #one.

*. +ract$re is a #rea in the contin$ity of a #one

- Simple (closed) fract$re 5 not connected

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/. Sc$r'y (deficiency of 'itamin 6), formation of

collageneo$s fi#res and matri is impaired. "he

normal architect$re at the gro