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BLOOD GROUPS
A, B, O, AB and Rh factors
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Blood Groups
• RBCs have markers on their surface known as antigens
• Antigens determine blood type
• Different antigens recognized as foreign by antibodies
• Cause agglutiation
Antigens present on cell surface
Blood type
A Type A
B Type B
A & B Type AB
Neither A or B Type O
Rh Positive “+”
No Rh Negative “-”
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABO Blood Groups
• Based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B)
• Blood contains antibodies
• anti-A or anti-B antibodies detect foreign blood cells
• ex. If you have type A blood you would not have anti-A antibodies…you would have type B.
• Cause agglutination or clotting reaction
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.4
What Blood Types Is This?
What blood types can it receive?
What blood types can it donate to?
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood Groups
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Rh Blood Groups
• Rh is another marker “antigen” on RBC surface, that contributes to blood type
• “+” = Rh present
• “-” = Rh absent
• Antibodies only develop after 2nd exposure
• erythroblastosis fetalis – mothers antibodies reacting to the Rh factor of the fetal blood
• Prevented with injection of Rhogam
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Blood Typing
• To determine blood type
• Antibodies are added to blood samples
• When corresponding antigens are present agglutination will occur
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ABO Blood Typing
Blood Type Being Tested
RBC Antigens
Serum Reaction
Anti-A Anti-B
AB A and B + +
B B – +
A A + –
O None – –
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.16
SerumAnti-A
RBCs
Anti-B
Type AB (containsagglutinogens A and B;agglutinates with bothsera)
Blood being tested
Type A (containsagglutinogen A;agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (containsagglutinogen B;agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains noagglutinogens; does notagglutinate with eitherserum)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Hematocrit
• Blood glucose tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis
• Complete blood count (CBC)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Differential WBC count
• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis
• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile
• Complete blood count (CBC)