blood online 3

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

BLOOD GROUPS

A, B, O, AB and Rh factors


Human Blood Groups

• RBCs have markers on their surface known as antigens

• Antigens determine blood type

• Different antigens recognized as foreign by antibodies

• Cause agglutiation

Antigens present on cell surface

Blood type

A Type A

B Type B

A & B Type AB

Neither A or B Type O

Rh Positive “+”

No Rh Negative “-”


ABO Blood Groups

• Based on the presence or absence of two antigens (A and B)

• Blood contains antibodies

• anti-A or anti-B antibodies detect foreign blood cells

• ex. If you have type A blood you would not have anti-A antibodies…you would have type B.

• Cause agglutination or clotting reaction

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 16.4

What Blood Types Is This?

What blood types can it receive?

What blood types can it donate to?


Blood Groups


Rh Blood Groups

• Rh is another marker “antigen” on RBC surface, that contributes to blood type

• “+” = Rh present

• “-” = Rh absent

• Antibodies only develop after 2nd exposure

• erythroblastosis fetalis – mothers antibodies reacting to the Rh factor of the fetal blood

• Prevented with injection of Rhogam


Blood Typing

• To determine blood type

• Antibodies are added to blood samples

• When corresponding antigens are present agglutination will occur


ABO Blood Typing

Blood Type Being Tested

RBC Antigens

Serum Reaction

Anti-A Anti-B

AB A and B + +

B B – +

A A + –

O None – –

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 16.16

SerumAnti-A

RBCs

Anti-B

Type AB (containsagglutinogens A and B;agglutinates with bothsera)

Blood being tested

Type A (containsagglutinogen A;agglutinates with anti-A)

Type B (containsagglutinogen B;agglutinates with anti-B)

Type O (contains noagglutinogens; does notagglutinate with eitherserum)


Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Hematocrit

• Blood glucose tests

• Differential WBC count

• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis

• Complete blood count (CBC)


Diagnostic Blood Tests

• Differential WBC count

• Prothrombin time and platelet counts assess hemostasis

• SMAC, a blood chemistry profile

• Complete blood count (CBC)