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Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition
Biology: Life on EarthEighth Edition
Chapter 38
The Nervous System
and the Senses
Chapter 38
The Nervous System
and the Senses
Copyright 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Teresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. ByersTeresa Audesirk Gerald Audesirk Bruce E. Byers
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Chapter 38 OpenerBiology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
EL AMOR Una chispa
enscendida en los ojos de
los amantes una locura
mas discreta, o solo la
mezcla exacta de
sustancias qumicas enlos cerebros de los
enamorados? Imagen en
recuadro de los ratones de
las pradreras nos dan
informacin acerca de las
bases neuroquimicas del
amor
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Figure 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
sinapsis
dendrita
terminalsniaptica
1 terminals Sinapticas :Traen seales de otras neuronas.
2 Dendritas:Reciben seal de otras neuronas.
3 cuerpo celular:Integra seales,coordinaactividadesmetabolicas
4 el potencial de accinse inicia aqui.
5 Axon: Conduceel potencial de accion.
6 terminales Sinaptica :Transmiten seales a otrasneuronas.
7 Dendritas(de otras neuronas ).
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Figure 38-4 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
IPSP
tiempo
(milliseconds)
potential
(millivolts)
potentialDe reposol
umbral
EPSP
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Figure 38-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
nodo
axon
axon
celulaformadora de mielina
nucleo
Envoltura de
mielina
mielina
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Figure 38-4 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
espacio
dendrita de lanueronapostsinaptica
neurotransmisor
vesiculasinaptica
5. Terminal sinptica
6 El NeurotransmorEs tomado en la terminalSinaptica o se degrada.
1 se iniciaUn potencial de accin.
2 el potencial de accin llegaA la terminal sinptica de laNeurona presinptica.
3 las vesiculasSinpaticas liberanneurotransmisor.
4 Receptor bindsneurotransmitter.
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Figure E38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
ClK+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
K+
K+ K+
K+
Cl
ClCl
OrgOrg
Org
Org
Org
(extracellular fluid)
(neuron cytoplasm; negatively charged)
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Figure E38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(extracellular fluid)
(neuron cytoplasm becomesnegatively charged again)
(neuron cytoplasmbecomes positively
charged)1 2
Cl
K+
Na+
Org
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ K+ K+
K+ K+
Cl
Cl
Na+ Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
OrgOrg
Org
resting potential restoredaction potential starts
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Figure E38-3 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(extracellular fluid)
Na
+
(axon)
action potential
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Figure E38-4 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(extracellular fluid)
Na+
(axon)
action potential
K+
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Figure E38-5 (part 1) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na
+
neurotransmitter
excitatory
closed receptor/
ion channel
transmitter binding
opens channelpermeable to Na+;Na+ enters cell
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Figure E38-5 (part 2) Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
neurotransmitter
inhibitory
transmitter binding opens channel
permeable to K+; K+ leaves cell
K+
K+ K+
K+
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Table 38-1 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-5 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(a) Gentle touch
(b) Moderate pressure
(c) Strong pressure
fires slowly
silent
fires more rapidly
fires very rapidly
silent
fires slowly
1
2
1
2
1
2
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Figure E38-6 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-6 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
brain
(c) Octopus(a) Hydra (b) Flatworm
ring of ganglia
diffuse networkof neurons
nerve cords
cerebralganglia(brain)
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Figure 38-7 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
controls involuntary responsesby influencing organs, glands,
and smooth muscle
The Nervous System
Sensory Neurons
Autonomic Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain Spinal Cord Motor Neurons
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division
carry signals tothe CNS from
sensory organs
receives and processes information;initiates action
receives and processessensory information;initiates responses;stores memories;
generates thoughtsand emotions
conducts signals to andfrom the brain; controls
reflex activities
transmits signals between the CNSand the rest of the body
carry signals from theCNS that control theactivities of muscles
and glands
controls voluntarymovements by activating
skeletal muscles
prepares the body forstressful or energeticactivity; "fight or flight"
dominates during times of"rest and rumination";
directs maintenance activities
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Figure 38-8 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
SympatheticParasympathetic
eye
heart
lungs
liver
pancreas
stomach
spleenkidney
kidney
urinarybladder
smallintestine large
intestine
externalgenitalia
rectum
uterussympatheticganglia
cranial
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
salivary andlacrimal glands
cranial
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
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Figure 38-9 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
gray mattercontains cellbodies of motorneurons andinterneurons
white matter
containsmyelinatedaxons
central canalcontainscerebrospinal fluidperipheral nerve
dorsal rootcontains axonsof sensory
neurons
dorsal rootganglioncontains cellbodies ofsensory neurons
ventral rootcontains axons ofmotor neurons
peripheral nerve
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Figure 38-10 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
REFLEX
ARCstimulus
effector
receptor
dorsalroot
ventralroot
sensationrelayedto the brain
3 Signal transmittedto a motor neuron by aninterneuron within thespinal cord.
4 Motor neuronstimulates theeffector muscle.
5 Effector musclecauses withdrawalresponse.
1A painfulstimulus activatesa pain receptor. 2 Signal transmitted
by a pain sensory neuron.
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Figure 38-11 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
cerebrum
EMBRYONIC VERTEBRATE BRAIN
SHARK BRAIN
GOOSE BRAIN
HUMAN BRAIN
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
cerebrumthalamus
optic lobe
cerebellummedulla
forebrain midbrain hindbrain
cerebrum midbraincerebellum
cerebrum
midbrain
cerebellum
cerebellummidbrain
(inside)
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Figure 38-12 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
spinal cord
pituitarygland
hypothalamus
cerebralcortex
meninges skull
corpus
callosum
thalamus
pinealgland
midbrain
cerebellumpons
medulla
hindbrain
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Figure 38-13 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
hypothalamus
corpus callosumlimbic regionof cortex
cerebral cortex
amygdalahippocampus
thalamus
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Figure 38-14 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
OccipitalLobe
primarysensory area
sensoryassociationarea
sensoryassociationarea
primaryvisualarea
primaryvisualarea
visualassociation
area
visualassociation
area
auditory associationarea: languagecomprehension
auditory associationarea: languagecomprehension
memorymemory
speechmotor areaspeechmotor area
higherintellectualfunctions
higherintellectualfunctions
primaryauditoryarea
primaryauditoryarea
premotorareapremotorarea
primarymotor areaprimarymotor area
leglegtrunktrunk
armarm
handhand
faceface
tonguetongue
ParietalLobe
FrontalLobe
TemporalLobe
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Figure 38-15 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
corpus callosum
Left
RIGHT HEMISPHERELEFT HEMISPHERE
3. Centers for language,speech, reading,mathematics, logic
2. Input from rightvisual field, right ear,left nostril
1. Controls right side
of body
3. Centers for spatialperception, music,creativity, recognitionof faces andemotions
2. Input from leftvisual field, leftear, right nostril
1. Controls left side
of body
HEART Right
visual cortex
retina
optic nerve
optic chiasma
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Figure E38-7 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Seeing Words
max0
Reading Words Generating Verbs
Hearing Words
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Figure E38-8a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure E38-8b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-16 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Table 38-2 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-17 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
free nerve endings(touch, pain, ortemperature)
Merkels disc(steady touch)
epidermis
dermis
subcutaneoustissue
Paciniancorpuscle(rapid movement)
Meissners corpuscle(light touch, rapidmovement)
Ruffinis end-organ (pressure)
hairroot
hair end-
organ (hairmovement)
sebaceous(oil) gland
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Figure 38-18 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(a)
(c)tectorialmembrane
Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear
pinnabones of
middle ear
auditorycanal
vestibular system(detects head
movementand gravity)
auditory nerveto brain
topharynx
tympanicmembrane
ovalwindow(beneathstirrup)
cochlea
roundwindow
auditorytube(Eustachian tube)
haircells
tectorial
membrane
haircell
basilarmembraneaxons of
auditorynerve
auditorynerve
bonycochlearwall
basilar membrane
(b)
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Figure 38-19a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
hair cells
scar
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Figure 38-19b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
decibels
loudness range
hours before hearing can be damagedX jet takeoff(at 200 ft)
1/4
rock concert
subway, stereo headphones(high volume)
motorcycle, lawn mower
urban street
normal talking
quietbackground
2
8
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Figure 38-20a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Compound eyes
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Figure 38-20b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Ommatidia Single ommatidium
lenses
receptorcells
pigmentedcells
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Figure 38-21a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
ligaments
Anatomy of the human eye
vitreoushumor
sclera
choroidretina
fovea
bloodvessels
opticnerve
blind spotlensmuscle
aqueoushumor
lens
cornea
pupil
eyelash
iris
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Figure 38-21b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
axons formganglion celloptic nerve
Layers of the retina
(photoreceptors)rods cones
signal-processing
neurons
membrane discsbearingphotopigment molecules
ganglion
cell
light
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Figure 38-22 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
(a) Normaleye
(c) Farsightedeye
(b) Nearsightedeye
retina
Close object, lensfattens to focuson retina.
Distant object,lens thins tofocus on retina.
Distant objectfocused in frontof retina.
Close objectfocusedbehind retina.
Convex lens convergesrays, object focusedon retina.
Concave lens divergesrays, object focused onretina.
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Figure 38-23 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
fovea
blindspot
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Figure 38-24 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-25a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-25b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-26 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
olfactorydendrites
olfactoryepithelium
nasalcavity
air withodor molecules
olfactory structure of brain
bone
nasal cavity
olfactoryreceptors
mucuslayer
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Figure 38-27a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
The human tongue
papillae
T t b d
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Figure 38-27b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
tastereceptorcells
Taste bud
nervefibersto brain
epitheliumof tongue
microvilli taste pore
supportingcells
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Figure 38-28 Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
injury
painreceptorneuroncapillary
K+ and enzymesare released bycell damage.
Blood proteinsare releasedby damagedcapillary.
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Figure 38-29a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-29b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-30a Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Figure 38-30b Biology: Life on Earth 8/e 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc
electric field
electricorgan
electroreceptors
nonconducting
object