BiotechnologyChapter 13
BIOTECHNOLOGY… the use of biological processes, organisms, or systems to manufacture products intended to
improve the quality of human life
Applied Genetics the application of genetic information and
manipulation of the hereditary characteristics of an organism to improve or create specific traits in offspring
directed at changing the genomes (GENETIC MAKEUP) of organisms, to increase their utility to humans
Traditional Uses of Applied Genetics
• Selective Breeding (aka Artificial Selection)• Hybridization• Inbreeding
Selective Breeding…(aka Artificial Selection)
Human selection of plants or animals (for breeding) because of a desired or useful trait
• man has used selective breeding to develop plants and animals with “desirable traits”
• nearly all domestic animals – dogs, cats, horses, and most crop plants have been produced by selective breeding
• selective breeding includes hybridization and inbreeding
Selective Breeding…of plants
Selective Breeding…of animals
Hybridization…• crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms • hybrids are often healthier and hardier
EXAMPLE - hybrid pansies are produced by breeding different varieties of pansies
ZEDONK – cross between a zebra and a donkey
Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids… • mating two species, normally from within the same genus• offspring display traits and characteristics of both parents• offspring are often sterile
Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids…
Liger – cross between a male lion and a female tiger
Tigon – cross between a female lion and a male tiger
Hybridization - Interspecific Hybrids…
male DONKEY and female HORSE = MULE
The hybrid mule has greater endurance, is stronger and less excitable than a horse.
Inbreeding…
• breeding individuals with SIMILAR characteristics
• used to maintain characteristics IN A BREED
EXAMPLE – cattle breeds are maintained by inbreeding
Why do we have different breeds of cattle?
Inbreeding…
New Uses of Applied Genetics
DNA TECHNOLOGY
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Began 1990
GOAL – to MAP AND sequence all of the human GENOME ( DNA)
COMPLETED 2003
Genome = an organism’s DNA
Applications of Human Genome Project
• diagnose genetic disorders• Genomics - the study and comparison of genomes• Proteomics - the study and comparison of proteins• Bioinformatics - the using of computer databases to
deal with storage and analysis of biological data
APPLIED GENETICS
• GENE ISOLATION– WE HAVE TO BE ABLE TO CUT
OUT/SEPARATE GENES…SO WE NEED “DNA SCISSORS”
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
DNA fingerprinting or DNA profiling
• A technique for analyzing and comparing DNA from separate sources
• Used to identify criminal suspects, determine paternity or the identity of unknown persons or decomposing bodies, match ancestors to decendants
• DNA samples are taken from hair, blood, semen, or other biological materials
• No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA
According to the DNA fingerprint above, who are the parents of
the child?A (A+B) B (C+D) C (E+F) D (G+H)
DNA fingerprints of 3 people.
What do persons 1 and 22 and 3 1 and 3
share in common?
CLONINGprocess of
producing an identical copy of
an organism
How cloning is accomplished?
What have we cloned? hyperlink
• Sea urchins• Salamander• Frogs• Fruit flies • Carp • Sheep• Mouse• Cows• Goats• Pigs• Mouflon• Rabbit• Cat
• Asian Wild Ox• Rhesus Monkey • African Wildcat• Rat• Mule• Horse• Deer• Wolves• Buffalo• Dog• Ferrets• Camel
Limitations of Cloning…
1. High failure rate – hit and miss procedure• Process is inefficient • success rate from 0.1 percent to 3 percent
2. Problems during later development• Cloned animals do not live as long and tend to have
health problems
3. Abnormal gene expression patterns• Clones and originals have identical DNA, but will the
clone express the right genes at the right time?
What is genetic engineering?(genetic modification/alteration)
the direct human manipulation of an organism’s genetic material (DNA, chromosomes, genes)
in a way that does not occur under natural conditions
Genetic engineering alters the genetic makeup of an organism using techniques that…
either remove genetic material (DNA) or that introduce genetic material (DNA)
Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture ….
and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms
What is considered to be genetic engineering? • Gene Therapy• Cell Transformation• Recombinant DNA• Transgenic or GMO’s
Manipulating DNA…• Today, we have expanded our use of genetic
information and we are able to use techniques for manipulating (modifying) DNA.
We can…. • extract DNA from cells, • cut it into small pieces, • identify the genes and sequences in DNA• make copies
GENE THERAPY process in which an absent or faulty gene is replaced
by a normal, working gene
various approaches have been taken…– bone marrow has been removed, modified in the laboratory
and placed back in the body– modified viruses have been used to carry replacement genes
into the body– inhalation of genetically engineered viruses containing
“good” genes has been attempted
Up to this point, gene therapy has not been very successful.
(Cell) Transformation….
process by which a cell takes in DNA from an outside (external) source
• Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, but it can also be accomplished by artificial means in other types of living things.
• the external DNA may become part of the cell’s DNA
Recombinant DNA – taking DNA from one organism and combining it with another
organism
Uses Of Recombinant DNA • Recombinant human insulin • Recombinant human growth hormone (HGH) • Recombinant blood clotting factor VIII • Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine • Hervicide-resistant crops• Insect-resistant crops
Transgenic Organism…or Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
any organism containing genes from another organism (via human manipulation)
Plants, animals or microrganisms that have changed through genetic engineering 8] Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified.
cow containing genesfor producing
human milk proteinsbacterium containing
recombinant DNA
Genetic Diversity
• While applied genetics techniques often limit genetic variation, scientists are also interested in preserving the genetic diversity in organisms.
WHY is it important to maintain diversity/variation?
How is diversity within a species maintained?
1. By mutations (chemicals, radiation, …) – by natural or artificial causes
mutation = a change in the DNA2. By polyploidy – having extra sets of chromosomes – often
results in more vigor or increased size – by natural or artificial causes
3. By genetic recombination as a result of … * crossing over during prophase I of meiosis * sexual reproduction - union of 2 haploid
gametes