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FACTORS THAT
INFLUENCEINDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES IN AMAN
Genetic
-mental-physical
-emotion
Environment
-family background
-peer group-school and teacher
-individual parenting
-culture
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Mental level of intelligence
Physical color of hair, eyes, skin, height and
so on Emotion temperament or patience during
difficulties
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The small particles in the nucleus of the cell(calledchromosomes) which contain the genes areresponsible for traits or characteristics we inherit
Chromosomes exist in pairs in all the cells of the body.
The human cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23pairs.
The two most important chemicals which are involvedin genetic transmission are DNA or deoxyribonucleicacid and RNA or ribonucleic acid.
These two complex chemical acids work together. The
DNA determines physical characteristics, such as eyecolour, brain character eristics, baldness, and manyother things.
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Genes: Our biological blueprint
Every cell in your body carries the master code in your46 chromosomes of a coiled chain of the molecule DNA.Small segments of the giant DNA molecules are genes(30,000 strong)
± Chromosomes- threadlike structures made of DNA moleculesthat contain the genes
± DNA (deoxyribuncleic acid)- a complex molecule containing thegenetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (A DNAmolecule has 2 strands- forming a double helix= heldtogether by bonds between pairs of nucleotides.)
± Genes- the biochemical units of heredity that make up thechromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing aprotein
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Behavior Geneticists
Behavior Genetics- the study of the relative powerand limits of genetic and environmental influenceson behavior
Environment- every non-genetic influence, fromprenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Opposed to evolutionary psychologists who naturalselection has shaped our universal behavior
tendencies, behavior geneticists explore our individual differences
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Adoption Studies
Creates 2 types of relatives
± Genetic relatives (biological parents and siblings)
±
Environmental relatives (adoptive parents andsiblings)
Are adopted children more like their biological
parents or more like their adoptive parents?
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Adoptive Nurturing
If parental nurture mattered as much as mostpeople suppose, then shouldnt peoples
personalities be more alike if they were rearedin the same home?
± So far as personality development is concerned,environmental factors shared by a familys children
have virtually NO impact on their personalities Two adopted children raised in the same home are no
more likely to share personality traits with one anotherthan with the child down the block
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Temperment Studies
Temperment- a persons characteristicemotional reactivity and intensity
± Inborn emotional excitability (reactive / intense /
fidgety / easygoing / quiet / placid) Difficult babies are more irritable, intense, and
unpredictable
Easy babies are cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in
feeding and sleeping (Chess & Thomas, 1987)
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Genetic disorder
Example: Down Syndrome- due to abnormal
chromosome-typically have an extra 21st
chromosome
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Normally, at the time of conception a baby
inherits genetic information from its parents
in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the
mother and 23 from the father. In most cases
of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra
chromosome 21 for a total of 47
chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extragenetic material that causes the physical
features and developmental.
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Characteristic- have
almond shaped eyes,
fold over eyelid,and
their head, nose, are
usually smaller than
normal
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Environment
Family background- parents are responsible to
educate their children in a correct manner
Peer group- good behavior and supportive
peer group will also contribute in developingpositive personality of an individual
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School and teacher- the conducive
environment may help to produce learned
students who practice good values in life
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Individual Parenting Effects are most apparent at extremes
± Abused who become abusive
± Neglected who become neglectful
± Loved but firmly handled children who become
self-confident and socially competent
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Culture Culture- the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
and traditions shared by a large group of peopleand transmitted from one generation to the next
If we all lived in homogeneous ethnic groups,
cultural diversity would be less relevant Culture helps show us identify who we are in part
by understanding what we are not (yet)