biology concept1

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FACTORS THAT

INFLUENCEINDIVIDUAL

DIFFERENCES IN AMAN

Genetic

-mental-physical

-emotion

Environment

-family background

-peer group-school and teacher

-individual parenting

-culture



Mental level of intelligence

Physical color of hair, eyes, skin, height and

so on Emotion temperament or patience during

difficulties



The small particles in the nucleus of the cell(calledchromosomes) which contain the genes areresponsible for traits or characteristics we inherit

Chromosomes exist in pairs in all the cells of the body.

The human cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23pairs.

The two most important chemicals which are involvedin genetic transmission are DNA or deoxyribonucleicacid and RNA or ribonucleic acid.

These two complex chemical acids work together. The

DNA determines physical characteristics, such as eyecolour, brain character eristics, baldness, and manyother things.



Genes: Our biological blueprint

Every cell in your body carries the master code in your46 chromosomes of a coiled chain of the molecule DNA.Small segments of the giant DNA molecules are genes(30,000 strong)

± Chromosomes- threadlike structures made of DNA moleculesthat contain the genes

± DNA (deoxyribuncleic acid)- a complex molecule containing thegenetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (A DNAmolecule has 2 strands- forming a double helix= heldtogether by bonds between pairs of nucleotides.)

± Genes- the biochemical units of heredity that make up thechromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing aprotein



Behavior Geneticists

Behavior Genetics- the study of the relative powerand limits of genetic and environmental influenceson behavior

Environment- every non-genetic influence, fromprenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Opposed to evolutionary psychologists who naturalselection has shaped our universal behavior

tendencies, behavior geneticists explore our individual differences



Adoption Studies

Creates 2 types of relatives

± Genetic relatives (biological parents and siblings)

±

Environmental relatives (adoptive parents andsiblings)

Are adopted children more like their biological

parents or more like their adoptive parents?



Adoptive Nurturing

If parental nurture mattered as much as mostpeople suppose, then shouldnt peoples

personalities be more alike if they were rearedin the same home?

± So far as personality development is concerned,environmental factors shared by a familys children

have virtually NO impact on their personalities Two adopted children raised in the same home are no

more likely to share personality traits with one anotherthan with the child down the block



Temperment Studies

Temperment- a persons characteristicemotional reactivity and intensity

± Inborn emotional excitability (reactive / intense /

fidgety / easygoing / quiet / placid) Difficult babies are more irritable, intense, and

unpredictable

Easy babies are cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in

feeding and sleeping (Chess & Thomas, 1987)



Genetic disorder

Example: Down Syndrome- due to abnormal

chromosome-typically have an extra 21st

chromosome



Normally, at the time of conception a baby

inherits genetic information from its parents

in the form of 46 chromosomes: 23 from the

mother and 23 from the father. In most cases

of Down syndrome, a child gets an extra

chromosome 21 for a total of 47

chromosomes instead of 46. It's this extragenetic material that causes the physical

features and developmental.



Characteristic- have

almond shaped eyes,

fold over eyelid,and

their head, nose, are

usually smaller than

normal



Environment

Family background- parents are responsible to

educate their children in a correct manner

Peer group- good behavior and supportive

peer group will also contribute in developingpositive personality of an individual



School and teacher- the conducive

environment may help to produce learned

students who practice good values in life



Individual Parenting Effects are most apparent at extremes

± Abused who become abusive

± Neglected who become neglectful

± Loved but firmly handled children who become

self-confident and socially competent



Culture Culture- the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,

and traditions shared by a large group of peopleand transmitted from one generation to the next

If we all lived in homogeneous ethnic groups,

cultural diversity would be less relevant Culture helps show us identify who we are in part

by understanding what we are not (yet)

biology concept1

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