BiologyCh. 15
BiologyCh. 15
Classification
Systems
Classification
Systems
CH.15 Classification SystemsCH.15 Classification SystemsTaxonomyTaxonomy:
- the science of classification
I. Why Classify?I. Why Classify?A.A. Reasons for ClassifyingReasons for Classifying
1. Convenience
2. Communication
3. Studying and understanding
B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification
B.Characteristics of Scientific Classification
1. Unique, universal name for organisms
2. Puts organisms into meaningful groups
II. Biological Classification
II. Biological Classification
A.A. Aristotle:Aristotle:- devised first classification system- 2 kingdoms: Plants and
Animals- 2 problems:
1. superficial classification2. used common names
B.Disadvantages of Common Names
1. Confusing
Puma concolorPuma concolor
- ex. mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, panther
2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,
silverfish, crawfish
2. Misleading2. Misleading- ex. starfish, jellyfish, cuttlefish,
silverfish, crawfish- none are
fish
3. Language Problems3. Language Problems
- local names- names used by different
languages
C. Carolus LinnaeusC. Carolus Linnaeus- developed
modern classification system
- Swedish
botanist
(1700’s)
- 2 important innovations:
AnimaliaChordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
Canis lupus
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
KingPhillip
comesoften
for ginger
snaps
AnimaliaChordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Canidae Canis
lupus
KingdomPhylum
ClassOrder
FamilyGenusSpecies
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
1. Hierarchy of Classification Groupings
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
FamilyGenus
Species
- Order Carnivora
2. Binomial Nomenclature2. Binomial Nomenclature
- two-word naming system: genus & species- gives a unique,
universal name for every species
Carolus Linnaeus
Honey Bee
Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabris, utrinque margine ciliatus
Apis mellifera
a.Genus:a.Genus:- 1st word, small group- usually a Latin noun, capitalized
b.b.Species:Species:- 2nd word, particular type- Latin adjective, lower case
c. Examples:c. Examples:- Homo sapiens humans- Tyrannosaurus rex
- Acer macrophyllum bigleaf maple- Acer rubrum red maple- Acer saccharum sugar maple
- Sequoia gigantum giant sequoia- Tsuga heterophyllum western
hemlock- Pseudotsuga menziesiiDouglas-fir
TheTheTheThe
EndEndEndEnd
III. Taxonomy TodayIII. Taxonomy Today- Classification systems
change constantly
- Taxonomists do not agree on how to classify organisms(lumpers vs. splitters)
- Species is the only "real" (natural) taxonomic grouping
A. Taxonomy and EvolutionA. Taxonomy and Evolution
- taxonomy reflects evolutionary relationships
Phylogeny of Bears
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
MYA
- The greater the similarities in certain organic compounds, the more closely related organisms are.
- DNA, RNA, & certain common proteins can be compared between organisms.
B. Biochemical TaxonomyB. Biochemical Taxonomy
Six Kingdom
s
IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System
Cell Cell Mode ofKingdom TypeNumberNutrition Examples
ArchaeaEubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia
IV. Six-Kingdom SystemIV. Six-Kingdom System
P = Prokaryote, E = EukaryoteU = Unicellular, M = MulticellularA = Autotroph, H = Heterotroph
PPEEEE
UU
U/mM/uMM
H/AH/AH/AHAH
bacteriabacteria
algae, protozoa
mushrooms,
mold
trees, grassinsects, worms
humans
Three Domai
ns
- A newer system