Download - BIOLOGY- ANIMAL KINGDOM-9 AND 11
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER4
ANIMALKINGDOM
BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
Arrangement of cells
Body symmetry
Nature of coelom
Patterns of digestive
Circulatory systems
LEVEL OF ORGANISATION
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ levelOrgan system
• SPONGES
• COELENTERATES
• PLATYHELMINTHES
Animal Categorized on the basis of symmetry
Radial SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
WHEN ANY PLANEPASSING THROUGH
THE CENTRAL AXIS OF THEBODY DIVIDES THE ORGANISM INTO
TWO IDENTICAL HALVES.
The body can be divided
Into identical leftAnd right halves
In only one Plane
SEGMENTATION
NOTOCHORDa. ROD LIKE STRUCTURE FORMED ON THE DORSOL SIDE
DURING ENBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT b. ANIMALS WITH NOTOCHORD ARE CALLED CHORDATES WHICH DO NOT PERFORM THIS STRUCTURE IS CALLED NON CHORDATES
a. THE BODY IS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY DIVIDED INTO SEGMENTS .
b. IN EARTHWORM – THE BODY SHOWS METAMERIC SEGMENTATION - METAMERISM
Animals in which the cells are arranged in two Embroyonic layers , and external ectoderm and an Internal endoderm .
DIPLOBLASTIC AND TRIPLOBLASTIC ORGANISATION
COELENTERATES
An undifferentiated layer , mesoglea , is presentIn between the ectoderm and the endoderm , that Develop embryo has a 3rd Germinal layer , mesoderm
TRIPLOBLASTIC ANIMALS
Classification of Animals
Next
KINGDOM LEVELS SYMMETRY BODY CAVITY PHYLUM ORGANISATION
Cellular level
Animalia
Porifera
Tissue/OrganOrgan system
Radial
Bilateral
Coelenterata
Ctenophora
Acoelomates
Pseudocoe-Lomates
Coelomates
Platyhelminthes
Aschelminthes
AnnelidaArthropoda
MolluscaEchinodermataHemichordata
Chordata
PHYLUM- PORIFERASPONGES
EUSPONGIA
Commonly known as Sponges Primitive multicellularAnimals Digestion is intracellular. The body is supported bySkeleton – spicules or sporongin fibres .
WATER
OSTIA (MINUTE SPORE)
SPONOCOEL(CENTRAL CAVITY)
OSCULUM
ENTERS
This pathway helps inFood gathering ,
Respiratory exchange And removal of waste.
Asexually – fragmentation Sexually – formation of
gametes
TRANSPORT OF WATER
REPRODUCTIONSEXES ARE SEPARATE (HERMAPHRODITE)
COELENTERATAPENNATULA
ADAMSIA
Aquatic , marine and radiallySymmetrical , diploblastic•Used for anchorage , defenseAnd capture of prey.•Corals have a skeleton made calcium carbonate.Have central gastro vascularCavity - hypostom
EXHIBIT TWO BASIC FORMS CALLED POLYP AND MEDUSA
POLYP - THEY ARE SESSILE AND CYLINDRICAL – HYDRA
MEDUSA - UMBRELLA SHAPED AND FREE SWIMMING - AURELIA
POLUP PRODUCE MEDUSA ASEXUALLYMEDUSA PRODUCE POLYP SEXUALLY
REPRODUCTIONGORGONIA
PHYSALIA
CTENOPHORA•Commonly known as Sea walnuts / comb jellies• Radially symmetrical , diploblastic• Body Bears eight external – ciliated comb plates Helps in locomotion • Bioluminescene – the property of a living Organism to emit light .
PLEUROBRACHIA
PLATYHELMINTHESDorso-ventrally flattened body - FLATWORMS Endoparasites – in animals , humansBilaterally , triploblastic,coelomate.
PLANARIAFLATWORM
Hooks and suckers – parasitic formSome absorb nutrients from hostFlame cells – help in osmoregulation & excreation Planaria – high regeneration capacity
LIVER FLUKE
TAPE WORM
ASCHELMINTHES
oThe body is circular cross section - round wormsoFree living , parasitic or terrestialoOrgan system level .oBilaterally symmetrical , triploblasticAnd pseudocoelomate
ASCARIS
Alimentary canal is Complete with – Muscular pharynxAn excretory tube – Removes waste through – excretory spore
•Sexes are separate•Females are longer thanMaleFertilisation in internal
FILARIA WORM
HOOK WORM
ANNELIDA
Aquatic or terrestrial.Sometimes parasiticBilateral symmetry Triploblastic .Body surface – segmentsor metameres Locomotion – longitudnaland circular muscles
LEECH
EARTH WORM
NEREIS
Nereis – possess appendages , parapodia help in swimming Nephridia – help in osmoregulation and excreation Neural system – paired gangalia connected by lateral nerves to a double ventral nerve cord
ARTHROPODAo Largest phylum .o Bilaterally symmetrical and Triploblastic .o body covered – chitinous exoskeleton .o Have jointed appendages .o Respiratory organs –Trachea, Gills , Book gills , book lungs. o Sensory organs - Antennae ,Eyes , statocysts or balance are organs present .
oExcreation – Malpighian tubulesoThey are dioecious oFertilaisation – internalloEXAMPLES : Economically insects – Apis , bombyx ,Laccifer Vectors – Anopheles , culex , aedesGregarious pest – locusta Living fossil – limulus .
PHYLUM - MOLLUSCA•Second largest animal phylum .•Terrestrial and aquatic .•Bilaterally symmetrical .•Triploblastic and coelomateanimals .•Body – covered by Calcareous shell .•Dioecious and oviparous .
OYSTER PILA
SQUID
LET’S LEARN ON ..
ContainsRadula
RADICULE-FILE LIKE RASPING ORGAN FORFEEDING .
CHITON
ECHINODERMATAa. All are marineb. Have endoskeleton of calcareous ossicle c. Adult – radially symmetricald. Larva - Bilaterally symmetricale. Triploblastic and Coelomate
OPHIURA ASTERIASSEA LILY
WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM
Helps in locomotion,Transport of food andRespiration.Excretory systemAbsent. Reproduction is sexual.Sexes are separate .
SEA CUCUMBER
SEA URCHIN
PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA i. Worm like marine animals
ii. Organ system leveliii. Bilaterally symmetricaliv. Triploblasticv. Coelomate
CIRCULATORY – OPEN SYSTEMEXCREATORY - PROBOSCISRESPIRATION - GILLS
Saccoglossus
BalanoglossusExample Proboscis
Collar
Trunk
PHYLUM CHORDATA
HOW CAN WE CHARACTERISE CHORDATAS….?
Presence of a Notochord A Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord is
Present Chordates Have Paired
Pharyngeal Gill Slits
Chordates stand varied due to many reasons.
bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
They are the only Phylum which are coelomates with organ-system level of organisation.
They possess a post anal tail and a closed circulatory system.
1
Subphyla Urochordata
2
Subphyla Cephalochordata
3
Subphyla Vertebrata
PHYLUM CHORDATA
SUBPHYLA UROCHORDATA AND CEPHALOCHORDATA ARE TOGETHER REFERRED TO AS PROTOCHORDATES.
THEY ARE EXCLUSIVELY MARINE.• UROCHORDATA NOTOCHORD IS PRESENT ONLY IN LARVAL TAIL. EG: ASCIDIA, SALPA,DOLIOLUM• CEPHALOCHORDATA NOTOCHORD EXTENDS FROM HEAD TO TAIL REGION AND
PERSISTENT HROUGHOUT THEIR LIFE.
EG:BRANCHIOSTOMA (AMPHIOXUS / LANCELET)
UROCHORDATA &CEPHALOCHORDATA
Characteristics Besides other chordates, vertebrates have: They possess notochord during embryonic period. It is replaced by a cartilaginous/bony vertebral column in adults. A ventral muscular heart with 2,3 or 4 chambers. Kidneys for excretion and osmoregulation. Paired appendages which may be fins or limbs.
ALL VERTEBRATES ARE CHORDATES BUT ALL CHORDATES ARE NOT VERTEBRATES.
VERTEBRATA` Vertebrates are divided into 7 classes :1. CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA2. CLASS CHONDRICHYTES3. CLASS OSTEICHTHYES4. CLASS AMPHIBIA5. CLASS REPTILIA6. CLASS AVES 7. CLASS MAMMALIA
Cyclostomes are ectoparasites on some fishes. They have an elongated body bearing 6-15 pairs of gill
slits for respiration. Their body does not possess any scales or paired fins. Their cranium & vertebral column are cartilaginous. They have closed circulation. They are marine but migrate for spawning in fresh
water. Their life span ends within a few days after spawning.
But their larvae return to the ocean.
CYCLOSTOMATA
They are marine animals with streamlined body and have cartilaginous endoskeleton.
Mouth is located ventrally. Notochord is persistent throughout their life span. Gill slits are separate without operculum (gill cover). Skin is tough, containing minute placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly
directed. Their jaws are very powerful. Air- bladder is absent, so they have to swim constantly to avoid
sinking.
CHONDRICHTHYES
Heart is two-chambered. have electric organs and some possess poison
sting. cold-blooded animals. have different sexes, male and female. Males Pelvic fin have claspers. They have internal fertilization and many of
them are viviparous. Eg: Dog fish, Saw fish, Great White Shark, Sting
Ray.
• They are both marine and fresh water with bony endoskeleton.• Their body is streamlined.
• Mouth is mostly terminal.• They have four pairs of gills, covered by an operculum on each side.• Skin is covered with cycloid (ctenoid) scales.
• Air bladder is present which regulates up thrust.• Heart is two- chambered.
• They too have 2 different genders.• They possess external fertilization. They are mostly oviparous and development is direct. Eg: Exocoetus , Hippocampus, Labeo, Claris
OSTEICHTHYES
live both in water and land. Most of them have two pairs of limbs. Body is divided into head & trunk. Some possess tails. Skin - moist without scales.
Eyes - eyelids. Ear - represented by a tympanum. Respire through - lungs, gills & skin. Alimentary canal, urinary & reproductive tracts open into a
common chamber called clocoa.
AMPHIBIA
They have a three-chambered heart. They are cold-blooded animals. They have different genders
Fertilization is direct .Examples : toad , frog , Salamander , limblessAmphibia .
o Their possess the creeping or crawling mode of locomotion.o They are mostly terrestial.o Their body is covered by dry and cornified skin, epidermal
scales(scutes).Their ears are represented by tympanum.o Limbs are of two pairs, if present.o They have a three-chambered heart,excluding crocodiles
which have a four-chambered one.o Reptiles are cold-blooded animals.o Snakes & lizards shed their scales as skin cast.o They have different genders . Fertilisation is internal.o They are oviparous and development is direct. Eg: Turtle, Tree lizard, Crocodile, Cobra
REPTILIA
The presence of feathers, makes them to fly, a beak and wings(modified forelimbs).
Their hind limbs are modified for walking, swimming, or clasping branches.
Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland in the base of the tail.
Endoskeleton is fully bony and long bones are hollow.
AVES
The digestive tract has additional chambers, crop & gizzard.Heart is four-chambered and they are warm-blooded animals. Respiration is done by lungs.They have different genders. Fertilisation is internal. They are oviparous & development is direct.Eg: Crow, Pigeon, Parrot, Ostrich, Vulture
found in a variety of habitats. Some are adapted to fly or live in
water. they possess milk producing glands by
which their young ones are nourished. They have two pairs of limbs, for
walking, running, climbing, etc.
MAMMALIA
Their skin possess hair. External ears are present. Heart is four chambered. Respiration is
done by lungs. They are warm-blooded. They have different genders,
fertilization is internal. They are viviparous and development
is direct.Eg: Dog, Platypus, Tiger, Rat, Dolphin
END OF THE CHAPTER