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Biochemistry Notes
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Carbon• Organic
molecules contain carbon.
• Carbon has 4 electrons available for bonding.
•
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Isomers
• Have same chemical formula but different three dimensional structure
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Polymer
• Polymer - a molecular chain made up of smaller molecules bonded together (poly = many)
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Monomer
• Monomer - 1 subunit of a polymer (mono = one)
• Glucose is an example of a monomer
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Macromolecules
• Macromolecule - large organic molecule made up of polymers
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Carbohydrates• Organic compound made up of C, H & O• Store and release energy• Monosaccharide (glucose:C6H12O6,
fructose)• Disaccharide - 2 monosaccharides
(glucose + fructose = sucrose)• Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose,
glycogen) - food storage and cell structures– Glycogen - animal cells– Starch - plant energy – Cellulose-plant cell struct.
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Polysaccharide
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Cellulose in a Plant
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Lipids• Monomers are fatty
acids • Ex.– fats, oils, &
phospholipids in cell membranes
• Non-polar - insoluble in water
• Structure– 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
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Lipid function
Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell structure (lipid bi-layer/cell membrane)
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Saturated Fatty Acid
•
• Solid at room temperature
• Bad for heart
• Meat, butter
• Contain lots of hydrogen atoms and carbons are linked with single bonds in fatty acid chain
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Unsaturated Fatty Acid• Liquid at room
temperature• Good for your heart• Olive oil, nuts, fish.
• Contain few hydrogen atoms because carbon
atoms have double bonds in fatty acid
chain.
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ProteinsProteins provide
structure (skin, hair, cartilage, muscle) and are carry out all cell metabolism (enzymes)
The shape determines function
Monomer—amino acidsLinked together by
peptide bonds (type of covalent bond)
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Protein Structure• Primary – amino acid
sequence• Secondary - hydrogen
bonding between a.a.’s – causes twisting; 2-D shape
• Tertiary - additional folding – functional protein; 3-D shape
• Quaternary - 2 or more amino acid (polypeptide) chains– complex
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Primary Structure
Secondary Teritary
Quaternary
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Nucleic Acids• Macromolecule that stores and
transfers genetic material• Made up of nucleotides
– made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
• DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid• RNA: ribonucleic acid
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Nucleotides
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Reactions of Polymers• Dehydration
Synthesis – small molecules are linked together to form large molecules
• Lose one molecule of water when this happens
• Hydrolysis – large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules.
• Water molecule is used to break up the polymer
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Dehydration Synthesis
• Also called condensation reaction
• Two molecules become covalently bonded to one another
• One molecule looses OH – the other looses H to form water H2O
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Hydrolysis
Molecule is split into two parts by reacting with water. One of the parts gets an OH- from the water molecule and the other part gets an H+ from the water.