section 2.3: carbon- based molecules biochemistry
TRANSCRIPT
Section 2.3: Carbon-Section 2.3: Carbon-Based MoleculesBased Molecules
BiochemistryBiochemistry
You have heard people use the term “Organic” in every day speech…Which of these would be considered
Organic vs Inorganic?
Wood Shell ButterSnail Quartz
CO2 Sand LeafWater Rock
O2 Pearl NaCl Paper Bird
SiO2 Lollipop CottonDiamond Egg
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds• Must contain C and H covalently
bonded together• Usually contain O and sometimes
N
What makes Carbon such a special element?
1. It can form 4 covalent bonds
2. Forms chains or rings to other Carbons
3. Can single, double or triple bond
4. Easily covalently bonds with H, O and N
How are biomolecules put together?
1. Smallest unit of a biomolecule is called a Monomer Monomer (One unit).
Simple Sugars, Amino Acids, Fatty Acids and Nucleotides
Glucose Amino AcidFatty Acid
2. These monomers will bond together to form a a Polymer Polymer (Many units).
(Starch, Proteins, Fats, Nucleic acid)
Sucrose
Lipid
MonomerMonomer PolymerPolymer
MONOSACCHARIDES
Polymers Polymers form by a bonding monomers together with each other to form larger molecules (like putting beads onto a necklace).
The formula for Glucose is C6H12O6 and Fructose is also C6H12O6, when they are combined together, the new
compound, SucroseSucrose (sugar) is C12H22O11. How could that be?
C6H12O6
+ C6H12O6
_____________________
C12H24O12
- C12H22O11
______________
H2O
• Process of putting the monomers Process of putting the monomers together to form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together)– For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to
join the 2 monomers together. – It is a building up process, going from simple to more
complex
Dehydration Synthesis
1
21
32
3
The food we eat usually are polymers which won’t fit into our cells so they need to be broke down
Hydrolysis Hydrolysis (water loosening) is the reverse of Dehydration Synthesis. – It’s a breakdown process– Water molecules are put back in to break the
bonds of the polymer to become monomers. – Commonly known as DigestionDigestion
1
321
32
Hydrolysis
The Big 4 Biomolecule groupsThe Big 4 Biomolecule groups 1. Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches
2. Lipids
Fats, Oils, waxes and sterols
3. Nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
4. Proteins
Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood, hormones
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates • Made up of C, H & O
• H:OH:O is is 2:12:1• Main source of Main source of
energy for the energy for the bodybody
• Made up of MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides
• (Simple Sugars)(Simple Sugars)
MonosaccharideMonosaccharide
• Simple Sugar Simple Sugar
– CC66HH1212OO66 • Glucose• Galactose• Fructose
• Provide quick energy
Galactose
Glucose
DisaccharideDisaccharide • Double Sugar
–CC1212HH2222OO1111• Sucrose• Lactose
• Maltose
Provide fast energy Lactose
Sucrose
PolysaccharidePolysaccharide • Many sugar polymer
– Starch– Glycogen
• Animal starch stored in liver
– Cellulose• Main component of plant
cell walls.• Most abundant
biomolecule on earthProvide stored energy (4 - 6
hours)
Carbohydrate labCarbohydrate lab1. Each pair should build glucose – Initialed
2. With an adjoining pair, undergo Dehydration Synthesis
Get initialed
4. Undergo Hydrolysis – Get initialed
5. Break apart model kits and put back in bag and on front lab table.
6. Complete ALL questions in the lab
First make a Glucose molecule
1
5
4
3 2
6
-Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon .-The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon-Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule-Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of the
Glucose on the left
Lipids • Not soluble in water• Contain C, H, and O
where the H:O ratio is >2:1
• Fats, oils and waxes• Used for stored energystored energy,
insulation and waterproofing
• Made up of Glycerol Glycerol and Fatty acids Fatty acids
• Produced by Dehydration synthesis
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Fatty Acid
Glycerol
3 water 3 water molecules molecules were were removedremoved
Triglyceride (a fat)
Saturated vs Unsaturated fat controversy
• The more H’s in the Hydrocarbon chain, the more energy the fatty acid provides
• The more H’s, the more solid it will be.
• Problem with clogging and narrowing of arteries and > blood pressure
Angioplasty
Saturated fats:• butter, lard, animal fat, cholesterol, coconut and
palm oil• are solid at room temp.
– have no double bonds no double bonds so there is a maximum of H’s present
Unsaturated fats– Olive oil, canola oil, margarine– Liquid at room temp– Have at least 1 double bond least 1 double bond in the H – C chain
Polyunsaturated fats• Soybean oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil • Clear, thin liquids at room temp• Contain many double bonds many double bonds in H-C chain
Each pair should make a Glycerol model
Three Hydroxyl groups with H’s & C’s
Hydroxyl groups
This is where dehydration synthesis will occur
Now make each of the following Fatty Acids. You will need to break some apart to make more.
Butryic acid Caproic acid
Now make a double bond in between the two middle Carbons. You will need to take off two hydrogen atoms
to do this.
Caproic acid
C C C C CCHO
OHH
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
ProteinsProteins • Hemoglobin, enzymes, muscles, blood,
hormones, cell membrane• Large molecules• Contain C, H, O, & N (sometimes also S)• Found in meats, eggs, dairy & Legumes (beans,
peas and peanuts)• Made up of Amino acidsAmino acids
Polymers of Amino AcidsAmino Acids
Made up of:
an Amino group (-NH2),
a Carboxyl group (COOH)
a radical (R) or variable group
Amino AcidsAmino Acids
– 20 different AA
(8 are essential)– Most end in “ine”– Since there are 20
different AA, the possible number of proteins formed are limitless (How many words can you make with 26 letters?)
• When 2 amino acids bond, a DipeptideDipeptide is formed
• The C-N bond formed is called a Peptide bondPeptide bond
• When 3 or more AA bonds, it’s a Polypeptide
Nucleic acidsNucleic acids • DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)• Contain C, H, O, N and P• Polymers of NucleotidesNucleotides
– A 5 carbon sugar– A nitrogen base – A phosphate group
• Store and transmit genetic information• They work together to make proteins.
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N, P
MonomersMonosaccharides,
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
Amino Acids Nucleotides
Polymers
Di (Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose)and
Polysaccharides (Cellulose, Amylose,
Glycogen)
LipidsDi and
PolypeptidesDNA and RNA
Chemical FormulaC6H12O6, & C12H22O11
NAAmine, Carboxyl groups & Radical
NA
Function Quicker energy Stored energyBuilding & Regulatory Functions
Controls activity of cell & Protein
Synthesis
Where found Sugars, StarchesFats, Oils, Waxes
and Sterols
Muscles, Hormones, Enzymes
Nucleus of cell
ExamplesFruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches,
Glycogen
Fats, Oils, Waxes and Sterols
Meat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA
Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Structure
Elements C and H2O C, H, O >2:1 C, H, O, N (S) C, H, O, N and P
Glucose
Monomers Monosaccharides Glycerol & Fatty Acids Amino Acids Nucleotides
Fructose
Polymers Di and Polysaccharides Lipids Di and Polypeptides DNA and RNA
Amino acid
Chemical Formula C6H12O6, C12H22O11 No set formulaAmine, Carboxyl groups &
RadicalNo set formula
Fatty Acid
Function Quicker energy Stored energyBuilding & Regulatory
FunctionsControls activity of cell &
Protein Synthesis
Disaccharide
Where found Sugars, Fats, Oils, Waxes and
SterolsMuscles, Hormones,
Enzymes Nucleus of cell
Nucleotide
ExamplesFruit sugar, Milk sugar, Starches,
GlycogenFats, Oils, Waxes and
SterolsMeat, Dairy, eggs RNA & DNA only
Polysaccharide
Ending "ose" "ol" or "ide" "ine" "nucleic acid"
Dipeptide
Glucose
Fructose
Fatty Acid
Disaccharide
Nucleotide
Polysaccharide
Dipeptide
D
E
F
H
G
I
AB
C
But why Carbon?
Funtions and
OrganicsCarbohydrates Proteins Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Enzymes
Endings & Can you read the labels
4
Long term energy storage, insulation and cell membrane
Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen
Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen and Nitrogen
Carbon, Hydrogen and
OxygenC, H, O, N and P Proteins Carbohydrate
4
Building material, cell membrane, hormones, enzymes,
hemoglobin
1:02:01 Amino AcidsFats, Oil, Waxes
and SterolsDNA and RNA
Organic catalysts
Protein or Amino Acid
covalentCarbon and Hydrogen
Monosaccharides
Carboxyl (-COOH) and
Amine (-NH2)>2:1
DNA - Nucleus RNA - Nucleus or
cytoplasm
Regulate the rate of a reaction Lipid or Alcohol
double bond CovalentGlucose,
Galactose, Fructose
20Fatty Acids and
GlycerolNucleotides Catalase Enzyme
Monomers Hydrolysis EnergyPeptide bond (C-
N)3
DNA - Deoxyribose, RNA - Ribose
Substrate at the active site
Meat, eggs, diary and legumes
PolymersLiving
organismsLactose,
Maltose, SucrosePolypeptide Saturated fat
On the N-bases of the
nucleotides
Enzymes specificity
Oils, fats and waxes (yummy)
PolymerizationSugars and
starches
Polysaccharides (starches,
glycogen and cellulose)
Polymerization/
Dehydration synthesis
Double bonds (2 or more)
DNA is double stranded
Reversible and reusable
Glycogen, Cellulose