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4
Odskjs Fn J`kbdta Zjkaija
Oy
Kdi Oadres`ay
Jfpyrkght © ?345 oy Kdi Oadres`ay
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?
Hfw J`kbdta Wfrls
Uha kijfbkig rdekdtkfi nrfb tha sui ks dofut 4:73 wdtts par squdra batar
ds eatarbkiae oy tha aiargy par sajfie abkttae oy tha sui raeujae oy tha
kivarsa squdra `dw dt adrth frokt. Wa jd`ju`dta tha tftd` dosfroae aiargy
kitarjaptae oy tha Adrth's eksj (pk)rY?, kts ekstrkoutkfi fvar kts surndjadrad 5(pk)rY? die tdla kitf djjfuit thdt dofut :3% fn thdt ks ran`ajtae
odjl kitf spdja, sf tha annajtkva rdekdtkfi hkttkig tha Adrth's surndja ks
dofut 73% fn tha kijfbkig rdekdtkfi raeujae oy nfur. _dekdtkva aiargy ksaqud` tf tabpardtura tf tha nfurth pfwar oy tha Ztandi-of`tzbdii
jfistdit. Hfwavar, tha annajtkva kijfbkig rdekdtkfi ks d`sf trdppae oy
graaihfusa gdsas die abkttae efwi tfwdres tha surndja fn tha adrth (ds wa`` ds abkttae up tfwdres spdja nrfb thks `fwar dtbfsphara jd``ae tha
trfpfsphara), tha bfst pfwarnu` graaihfusa gds oakig JF? (Jdrofi
Ekfxkea) die bfst douiedit die kbpfrtdit ks wdtar vdpfur. Uhks efuo`astha rdekdtkfi wdrbkig tha surndja fn tha p`diat. Uha dtbfsphara ks
praefbkidta`y Iktrfgai gds (I?) die Fxygai gds (F?), dofut ;1 parjait. Uhasa gdsas, hfwavar, dra ift graaihfusa gdsas. Uha graaihfusa gds JF?,
thfugh fi`y axksts ki trdja dbfuits, die wdtar vdpfur, orkig thatabpardtura fn tha Adrth up nrfb bkius 48 eagraas jaitkgrdea (48 oa`fw
nraazkig) tf di fosarvae dvardga fn p`us 41 eagraas jaitkgrdea (41 eagraas
dofva nraazkig). Wkthfut thasa jrujkd` graaihfusa gdsas, tha Adrth wfu`e oa nrfzai. Uhay hdva thks aifrbfus annajt fi wdrbkig tha p`diat avai
wkth JF? axkstkig fi`y dt 533 pdrts par bk``kfi. Kt fjjurs idturd``y die
bdlas `kna fi Adrth pfssko`a. Hfwavar, tff bujh fn kt die tha Adrth jdi oatff wdrb, die wa dra ifw saakig dbfuits oayfie tha idturd` `ava`s
thrfugh dithrfpfgaikj sfurjas, thdt dra bdlkig tha Adrth wdrbar thdi ks
ndvfrdo`a nfr tha jfiektkfis oast nfr `kna tf oa bdxkbd``y sustdkido`a. Wasaa thks kijradsa ki JF? oagkiikig wkth tha kieustrkd` ard. Uha sajtfrsbfst raspfisko`a nfr tha kijradsa dra pfwar, kieustry, die trdispfrtdtkfi. @fflkig dt rajfres fn JF? dbfuits wa saa thdt kt wds :41 pdrts par
bk``kfi ki 4;18 die rfsa tf :;3 pdrts par bk``kfi ki ?343. Kt rfsa dofva533 ki ?34:. Fthar graaihfusa gdsas dra bathdia (JH5) die Iktrfus
Fxkea (I?F). Dgrkju`turd` djtkvktkas efbkidta abksskfis nfr iktrfus fxkea
die bathdia. D had`thy adrth ks fia thdt ks ki rdekdtkva aquk`korkub, thdtks, kt `fsas ds bujh rdekdtkfi ds kt rajakvas. Jurrait`y wa dra s`kght`y fut fn
rdekdtkva od`dija, tha Adrth dosfros dofut fia wdtt par squdra batar bfra
thdi kt `fsas. Uhdt badis kts tabpardtura ks ift stadey, out kijradskig.
Uha sf`dr `ubkifskty ks=
@32 :.; "43
?> M /s
Uha dvardga ekstdija fn tha Adrth nrfb tha Zui ks=
4.1 "4344b
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:
Uharanfra tha sf`dr jfistdit ks=
Z 3 2
:.; "43?>
5# (4.1 "4344)?24,:73wdtts/batar
?
Uhdt ks tha dbfuit fn aiargy par sajfie par squdra batar hkttkig tha
Adrth.
Uha rdekdtkfi, N, ks prfpfrtkfid` tf tha tabpardtura, U tf tha nfurth pfwar,
die aqud` oy tha Ztandi-Of`tzbdi jfistdit, skgbd=
N 2" U 5
" 2 1.>7 #43$8Wb
$?L
$5
Uhks gkvas tha tabpardtura, U, dt tha tfp fn tha Zui‛s phftfsphara ks=
U2>,333 eagraas La`vki
Uha p`diatdry d`oaef, d, ks tha dbfuit fn rdekdtkfi nrfb tha Zui thdt tha
Adrth ran`ajts odjl kitf spdja whkjh ks :3%. Uharanfra d23.: ks tha
p`diatdry d`oaef. Uharanfra tha Adrth rajakvas 73% fn tha Zui‛s `kght, fr,ki fthar wfres=
Z 3(4" d)# r?
5# r?
2
Z 3
5(4" d) 2$ U
5
U 2
?11L 2
"48f
J
Uhdt ks tha tabpardtura tha Adrth wfu`e oa kn kt hde if dtbfsphara, bkius
akghtaai eagraas jaitkgrdea. Uha fosarvae dvardga tabpardtura ks=
U 241f
J
Nkntaai eagraas jaitkgrdea.
@at us `ffl dt d skbp`a bfea` kn thara ks di dtbfsphara=
Wa hdva sdba dbfuit fn rdekdtkfi aitarkig systab ds ̀ advkig, thdt ks,skgbd U tf tha nfurth annajtkva aqud`s skgbd U tf tha nfurth fn tha
dtbfsphara=
" U a
52" U
d
5
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1
Uha jd`ju`dtkfi yka`es ?;1 La`vki nfr tha Adrth, die thdt fosarvae ks ?14
La`vki. Uhus wkth d skbp`a fia `dyar dtbfsphara bfea`, wa hdva j`fsa`y praekjtae tha p`diat‛s tabpardtura. ^aius wkth di d`oaef 74% yka`es ?53
La`vki out ki rad`kty ks 733 La`vki. Uha eksjrapdijy ks ki kts hkghar
douiedija fn graaihfusa gdsas raspfisko`a nfr d ruidwdy graaihfusa
annajt. Bdrs, wkth di d`oaef fn 47% yka`es ?4> eagraas La`vki out ksfosarvae tf oa ?53 eagraas La`vki. ^aius2?>33, Bdrs2?1;, die Adrth 2
4:13 nfr sf`dr jfistdits ki wdtts par squdra batar. Apsk`fi nfr adrth ks
dofut ;>%-;;%.
Bdrjh ?1, ?345 J`kbdta Zjkaija, Jfivajtkfi
Wa rankia fur bfea` oy kij`uekig jfivajtkfi. Jfivajtkfi ks hadt trdispfrt oy bfvabait
fn d bdss fn n`uke nrfb fia p`dja tf difthar. Ki j`kbdta physkjs kt ks tha vartkjd` trdisnar
fn hadt oy rkskig wdrb dkr die skilkig jff` dkr. Fur bfea` ks tff hft dt fr iadr tha
surndja fn tha adrth, tff jf`e dt d iadr trfpfpdusa, `dpsa rdta fn tabpardtura ks tff `drga ki
trfpfsphara, hfwavar tha strdtfsphara bfea` ks j`fsa. Wa bust `ffl dt jfivajtkfi, kt ksvary kbpfrtdit. Kt ks ds kbpfrtdit ds rdekdtkfi ki trdispfrtkig aithd`py ki tha vartkjd` die
jfitrf`s wdtar die vdpfr j`fues, whkjh dra tha twf bfst kbpfrtdit dspajts tf rdekdtkva
trdisnar. Uha bajhdiksb ks wdrbar suostdijas dra `ass eaisa die ̀ ass eaisa suostdijasrksa oajdusa thay hdva `ass par vf`uba nfr grdvkty tf djt fi thab. Whai thay jff`, thay
skil.
Ztdok`kty
Ki d vd``ay d od`` wk`` rf`` efwi d hk`` uitk` kt satt`as dt tha `fwast pfkit, whkjh ks di
aquk`korkub stdta, fr sf`utkfi. Difthar aquk`korkub sf`utkfi ks whai tha od`` ks parjhae
fi tfp fn d hk`` wkth vd``ays fi akthar skea< kt wfi‛t gf fut fn aquk`korkub uitk` kt ks pushaeki akthar ekrajtkfi, ki whkjh jdsa kt wfu`e rf`` efwi d hk``.
Hyerfstdtkj Aquk`korkub
Grdvkty djja`ardtas d gds efwiwdre, iat prassura bdlas kt rksa upwdres.
wkagt 2 "g#$ x$ y$ z
# 2 eaiskty
g 2 grdvkty
$ x$ y$ z 2 vf`uba 2 %^
prassura = p$ x$ y " ( p+$ p)($ x$ y)
fr = p% D " ( p+ % p)(% D) 2 prassura
% D 2 Drad
Srassura ks nfrja par uikt drad die thdt dofva ks tha iat prassura, tha prassura dt tha
ofttfb fn tha ofx bkius thdt dt tha tfp. Srassura oakig nfrja par uikt drad gkvas nfrja
whai bu`tkp`kae oy drad.
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>
bdss 2 b 2 "# x# y# z 2 " $^
ewet 2
b e ? z
et ?2 %g("# x# y# z) % (# p# x# y)
j`adr`y
ew
et 2 %g %&
' p
' z
& 2 spajknkj Vvf`uba 24/" 2 vf`uba /bdss
Uha Kead` Gds @dw sdys prassura ks prfpfrtkfid` tf tabpardtura=
" 2
_U
p
Jfbokikig fur twf aqudtkfis (fn bftkfi die prassura=
"g "# $ p
$ z2 "g "
_U
p
$ p
$ z2 3
4
p
$ p
$ z2 "
g
_U
prassura 2 p
U 2 tabpardtura
Uhks ks tha hyerfstdtkj aqudtkfi nfr di kead` gds dt rast ki d grdvktdtkfid` nka`e. Wakitagrdta tha aqudtkfi, die=
p 2 p3a"? / H
H # _U
g2 sjd`aV hkaght
Nfr V Adrth V H $ 8lb
Wa dssart tha prassura ki tha vartkjd` fn tha dtbfsphara ks dpprfxkbdta`y axpfiaitkd`.Uha rad` dtbfsphara ks ift ksftharbd`, tha tabpardtura vdrkas, out ift fvar d d huga
nrdjtkfi.
Oufyfdijy
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ew
et 2 "g# o$ x$ y$ z "$ p$ x$ y
# o 2 eaiskty Vfn V n`uke
ew
et 2 "g% o
& p
& z
& p
& z2 "g /% a
ew
et 2 g
% o "% a% a
' O
D`pdh suo o die d`phd suo a dra spajknkj vf`ubas fn n`ukes, o ki tha sdbp`a, a tha
surrfuiekig aivkrfibait. O ks oufydijy.
Kn tha n`uke ki tha ofx, fr sdbp`a ks `ass eaisa thdi tha n`uke ki tha surrfuiekig
aivkrfibait (hds d `drgar spajknkj vf`uba) kt wk`` djja`ardta upwdres. Kt ks Drjhkbaea‛s
`dw. Wa jdi eatarbkia whathar d eaiskty ki d grdvktdtkfid` nka`e wk`` oa stdo`a.
Dekokdtkj Zdbp`a (If Hadt Ks Deeae Fr Zuotrdjtae)
Oufydijy Die Aitrfpy
spajknkj Vvf`uba =" 24/#
spajknkj Vaitrfpy = s
" 2 " ( p,s)
Zpajknkj vf`uba ks d nuijtkfi fn prassura die aitrfpy. Oy tha jhdki ru`a die uskigBdxwa``‛s @dw (nrfb nkrst `dw fn tharbfeyidbkjs)=
("# ) p 2
$#
$ s
%
& '
(
) * p
" s 2
$ U
$ p
%
& '
(
) * s
" s
O 2 g("# ) p
# 2
g
#
$ U
$ p
%
& '
(
) * s
" s 2 + $ U
$ z
%
& '
(
) * s
" s 2 ," s
, 2 dekdokdtkj V `dpsaV rdta
Uha sdbp`a wk`` oa pfsktkva`y oufydit kn kts aitrfpy axjaaes thdt fn kts aivkrfibait.
Dekdodtkj @dpsa _dta (Nrfb Nkrst @dw fn Uharfbfeyidbkjs Die Kead` Gds @dw)
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8
T•
2 U es
et 2 jv
eU
et + p
ex
et
T•
2 tftd`V hadtkig
jv 2 hadt Vjdpdjkty
T•
2 j peU et
"# epet
2 3 = dekdodtkj
j peU + gez 2 3 = hyerfstdtkj
eU
ez2 "
g
j$ %e = dekdodtkj V `dpsaV rdta & 4
fJ /433b 24L /433b
% 2
g
j p
j p 2 jv + _
Kn aitrfpy efasi‛t jhdiga dt d``, thara ks iautrd` stdok`kty. Aitrfpy eajradsas wkth d`tktueathai tha sdbp`a ks pfsktkva`y oufydit (uistdo`a) die djja`ardtas upwdre. Aitrfpykijradsas wkth d`tktuea rasu`ts ki aitrfpy `ass thdi kts aivkrfibait, die wfu`e oa
iagdtkva`y oufydit die wfu`e djja`ardta efwiwdres, die thdt stdta ks stdo`a.
Uha rdekdtkva aquk`korkub fn tha trfpfsphara kn yfu jd`ju`dta kts aitrfpy, yfu nkie kteajradsas upwdre. Zf wkth eajradskig aitrfpy wkth d`tktuea, kt ks uistdo`a. Uha rdekdtkfi
ks jfistdit`y erkvkig d stdta fn kistdok`kty die sf yfu gat jfivajtkfi whara wdrb sdbp`as
n`fw upwdre die jff` sdbp`as n`fw efwiwdre. Wkth rdekdtkfi erkvkig kistdok`kty die
jfivajtkfi wfrlkig tfwdres stdok`kty, yfu usud``y gat stdok`kty. Kt erkvas tha dtbfspharatf d iautrd` stdta oajdusa rdekdtkva tkbasjd`as dra `fig die jfivajtkva tkbasjd`as dra
shfrt.
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;
Bdrjh ?7, ?345
_dekdtkva-Jfivajtkva Aquk`korkub
Demustae nfr jfivajtkfi wa hdva :4: eagraas L whai bfea` ks :::L. Ztk`` d `ktt`a tff
wdrb. Uha radsfi ks thdt ki tha rad` dtbfsphara jfivajtkfi kivf`vas tha phdsa jhdiga fn wdtar lifwi ds bfkst jfivajtkfi. D j`fue ks d jf``ajtkfi fn vary tkiy jfieaisae wdtar
efp`ats, fr kja jrystd`s. Uhay dra sf tkiy thay jdi oa jfiskearae tf oa ki suspaiskfi.
Uhay dra sf sbd`` thakr tarbkid` va`fjktkas dra sbd`` jfbpdrae tf dkr bftkfis. J`fues
nfrb whai dkr axpdies die jff`s. Uhakr sdturdtkfi vdpfr prassura erfps. Wdtar vdpfrjfieaisas. Uhks hdppais whai thara ks hkghar prassura dt tha surndja die `fwar prassura
hkghar ki tha dtbfsphara= dkr rksas, axpdies die jff`s. Whai wdtar vdpfr jfieaisas kt
ra`adsas `dtait hadt fn vdpfrkzdtkfi die whai kt nraazas kt ra`adsas tha `dtait hadt fn
nuskfi. Fur bfea` hds tf oa demustae nfr tha hadt whai wdtar jfieaisas. Jfieaisaewdtar d`sf avdpfrdtas, dosfrokig `dtait hadt fn vdpfrkzdtkfi fr nuskfi, jduskig dkr tf jff`.
Bfkst jfivajtkfi raekstrkoutas wdtar nrfb tha surndja up thrfugh tha dtbfsphara. Bfkstjfivajtkfi ks tha dgait fn ̀ fntkig wdtar die bdlas tha dtbfsphara bfkst. _ababoar,wdtar vdpfr ks tha bfst kbpfrtdit graaihfusa gds.
Dt > hajtfpdsjd`s, drfuie 3 eagraas J, wdtar axksts ki d`` thraa phdsas. Ds fia kijradsas
tabpardtura fi kijradsas sdturdtkfi vdpfr prassura, kt kijradsas axpfiaitkd``y. Ds fiadpp`kas prassura tf wdtar-kja, fia jdi ba`t kt.
Hatarfgaiafus Iuj`adtkfi= tha jfieaisdtkfi fn vdpfr fitf pra-axkstkig sf`ke fr `kqukepdrtkj`as jd``ae darfsf`s. Wa efi‛t iaae tf lifw hfw ndst thks tdlas p`dja. Uha tkba ks
ifbkid`.
Srajkpktkdtkfi, sbd`` wdtar pdrtkj`as ki suspaiskfi jf``kea, jfd`asja kitf skzas hadvyaifugh tf nd``, jd``ae stfjhdstkj jfd`asjaija. Ift vary annajtkva.
Zdturdtkfi Aitrfpy s*
s* 2 j p `i U
U 3
"
# $
%
& ' ( _e `i
p
p3
"
# $
%
& ' + @v
q* (U , p)
U
"
# $
%
& '
@v 2
`dtait V hadt Vfn Vvdpfrkzdtkfi
q* 2 sdturdtkfi V spajknkj V hubkekty
Uha upwdre n`ux ki tha j`fues bust aqud` efwiwdre n`ux ki oatwaai j`fues=
BU 2" Z e
" z2 #T
•
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Dbfuit fn wdtar avdpfrdtkig nrfb tha fjadi bust aqud` prajkpktdtkfi (wdtar ra-aitarkig
fjadi)=
Srajkpktkdtkfi2Avdpfrkzdtkfi2_dekdtkva Jff`kig (fn dtbfsphara)
Uwf @dyar _dekdtkva-Jfivajtkva Bfea`
" U a52 annajtkvaV nrfbV sui
" U 4
52 rdekdtasV upV die V efwi V nrfb V `dyarVfia
Kt rajakvas d jfivajtkva hadt n`ux nrfb tha surndja N s die kt d`sf jfivajts d hadt n`ux, N
j,
tfwdres `dyar twf.
" U s52 tabpardturaVfn V surndja
@dyar ?< Abkts rdekdtkfi upwdre die efwiwdre dt " U ?
5
die rajakvas jfivajtkva hadtn`ux nrfb N
j.
U 42 U
?+ "U
U s 2
U ?+?"U
dt V tfpVfn V dtbfsphara =
U ?2 U a
U 42 U a + "U
U s 2 U a +?"U
Zurndja =N s +# U s5
2# U a5
+# U 45
@dyar? =?# U a52# U
4
5+ N j
(NVj ks jfivajtkva n`ux jfbkig nrfb nkrst `dyar)
Eankia = x " #U
U a
N s 2$ U a5\4+ (4+ x)5 % (4+? x)5 R
N j 2$ U a5\? % (4+ x)5 R
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Dprk` :, ?345
Wa spfla fn hadt trdisnar ki tha vartkjd` eua tf rdekdtkva trdisnar die jfivajtkva trdisnar,
ifw wa td`l dofut bftkfi fn ofth dkr die wdtar ki ofth tha hfrkzfitd` die vartkjd`
ekrajtkfis, whkjh wfu`e oa dkr jurraits die fjadi jurraits kivf`vkig tha jfrkf`ks nfrja fr
djja`ardtkfi fn dkr die wdtar eua tf tha rftdtkfi fn tha adrth ki fthar wfres, whkjh ks tftha rkght fn kts bftkfi ki tha ifrthari habksphara die tha `ant ki tha sfuthari habksphara.
Uhdt whkjh wa saa dra thkigs `kla tha wastar`y trdea wkies die fthar wkies, wkth thakr
dssfjkdtae aeekas. Uhks ks kbpfrtdit nfr tha bftkfi fn dkr die wdtar nrfb tha trfpkjs tf
tha pf`as. Wa oagki wkth tha axdjt sf`utkfi nfr d p`diat `kla adrth, out wkthfutjfitkiaits.
eu
et 2 nv "#
$ p
$ x
ev
et 2 " nu "#
$ p
$ z
# 2 spajknkj Vvf`uba
p 2 prassura
n 2 ?%ski& 2 jfrkf`ksV pdrdbatar
% 2 digu`drV rftdtkfi Vadrth
(u die v dra va`fjktkas, adst-wast die ifrth-sfuth raspajtkva`y die thatd ks d badsura fn
`dtktuea)
Gafstrfphkj Od`dija
Aifugh Adst-Wast bftkfi tf od`dija tha prassura grdekait=
" # p
# z2 $ nu
Kt ks d nuiedbaitd` od`dija wa saa ki tha rad` wfr`e. Uhks ks why wa saa dkr jkrju`dtkigj`fjlwksa drfuie hkgh prassura systabs die jfuitar j`fjlwksa drfuie `fw prassura
systabs. Die skbk`drk`y nfr adst-wast prassura grdekaits=
" # p
# x2 nv
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4?
Jfbokikig thks wkth hyerfstdtkj od`dija wa hdva=
" # p
# y2 $ nu
" # p
# z2 $g
A `kbkidtaV pVoy VjrfssV eknnaraitkdtkfi
n # u
# z2 $g
# `i(" )
# y
%
& '
(
) * 2 $g
# `i(U )
# y
%
& '
(
) *
Whkjh ks tha Uharbd` Wkie Aqudtkfi. Uhks ks tha vartkjd` earkvdtkva fn tha adst-wast
wkie tkbas tha jfrkf`ks pdrdbatar. Kt sdys whai tabpardtura eajradsa tfwdres tha pf`a,
zfid` wkie (wast-adst jfbpfiait fn tha wkie) bust kijradsa wkth d`tktuea. Oajdusa thay
dra wast-adst wkies, thay efi‛t trdispfrt aiargy ki tha ifrth-sfuth ekrajtkfi. Uwfpftaitkd` prfo`abs wkth thks sf`utkfi= Ift aifugh digu`dr bfbaitub dvdk`do`a nfr
raqukrae adst-wast wkie die aquk`korkub sf`utkfi bdy oa uistdo`a.
Fia bust oa vary jdranu` tf ekstkiguksh oatwaai aquk`korkub sf`utkfis die stdok`kty.
Wdrb dkr axtaies tfwdres tha pf`as die jf`e dkr n`fws tfwdres tha aqudtfr. Uhdt taies tf
wdrb-up hkgh `dtktueas die jff` efwi `fw `dtktueas. D paieu`ub ks stdo`a, kt jfitkiuas
fsjk``dtkig ki tha sdba wdy, dofut tha jaitar. Out bfvkig, kt ks ift ki aquk`korkd< thdt kswhai kt ks stk``, hdigkig strdkght efwi. Ztdo`a sf`utkfis fsjk``dta. Wdrb bfkst dkr bfvas
tf tha pf`as, ery jff` dkr tf tha aqudtfr. Whai wdrb dkr bfvas up, kt pushas jff` dkr
efwi< jff` dkr bfvkig efwi pushas wdrb dkr up. Uhks ks fsjk``dtfry. Aeekas trdispfrt
aiargy dwdy nrfb tha aqudtfr. Aeekas erkva tha tabpardtura grdekaits efwi tf dofut hd`n fn whdt thay wfu`e oa ki tha rdekdtkva-jfivajtkva aquk`korkub sf`utkfi. Kt ks ift axdjt`y
j`adr hfw j`kbdta jhdiga annajts aeekas, out kt ks d suomajt fn vkgfrfus rasadrjh.
Uha Ztfry Zf Ndr.
Nkrst wa jfiskearae di Adrth thdt ks ki rdekdtkva aquk`korkub, thdt ks, hds ds bujh rdekdtkfi
jfbkig ki nrfb tha sui, ds `advkig. Wa iftkjae thdt tha tabpardtura fn tha dtbfsphara
wds tha sdba ds tha annajtkva rdekdtkfi jfbkig ki nrfb tha sui die nrfb thdt wa warado`a tf eatarbkia tha tabpardtura fn tha surndja fn tha p`diat. Out thdt wds ift gffe
aifugh, wa iaxt jfiskearae di dtbfsphara wkth twf `dyars kistade fn fia die orfught ki
tha kead fn jfivajtkva aquk`korkub, whara wa gat nurthar hadt trdisnar nrfb jfivajtkfi,
whkjh ks tha rkskig fn wdrb dkr die skilkig fn jff` dkr. Wa d`sf ifw jfiskearae thaabbkskvkty fn tha dtbfspharkj `dyars ds wa``. Ofth rdekdtkva die jfivajtkva hadt trdisnar
dra vartkjd`. Wa ifw turiae tf tha hfrkzfitd` jfbpfiaits, whkjh trdisnar hadt. Uhay drafjadi die dkr jurraits. Uha wkie ki fthar wfres, nfr fia thkig. Wa nkie thara ks di axdjtsf`utkfi whara wa `adriae wkie va`fjktkas die ekrajtkfis dra eatarbkiae oy tha prassura
fn dkr, whkjh ks eatarbkiae oy kts tabpardtura, die dra orfught dofut oy jfrkf`ks nfrjas,
whkjh dra thfsa nfrjas fi tha dkr whkjh dra jdusae oy tha rftdtkfi fn tha Adrth, die tha
rasu`ts eapaieae fi `dtktuea.
8/12/2019 Basics of Climate Science
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basics-of-climate-science 13/14
4:
Zf, ki frear nfr adrth tf oa ki aquk`korkub kt hds tf `fsa aiargy (hadt) kt gdkis die kt efas
thks thrfugh tha bajhdiksbs fn rdekdtkig kinrdrae rdekdtkfi kitf spdja (rdekdtkva trdisnar),avdpfrdta fjadi wdtar pu``kig kt kitf tha sly ds wdtar vdpfr tf bdla j`fues (jfivajtkfi),
die jradta fjadi die wkie dkr jurraits (fjadi stradbs die wkie).
Uha Wkie
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Ki fthar wfres, tha prassura jhdiga ki tha dtbfsphara wkth `dtktuea, Ifrth-Zfuth
ekrajtkfi, rasu`ts ki di adst-wast wkie eua tf tha rftdtkfi fn tha Adrth.
Kdi Oadres`ay
Dprk` 4:, ?345
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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basics-of-climate-science 14/14
45
Uha Duthfr Whf Ks @adrikig J`kbdta Zjkaija Dt BKU