basics of climate science

8/12/2019 Basics of Climate Science

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4

Odskjs Fn J`kbdta Zjkaija

Oy

Kdi Oadres`ay

Jfpyrkght © ?345 oy Kdi Oadres`ay



?

Hfw J`kbdta Wfrls

Uha kijfbkig rdekdtkfi nrfb tha sui ks dofut 4:73 wdtts par squdra batar

ds eatarbkiae oy tha aiargy par sajfie abkttae oy tha sui raeujae oy tha

kivarsa squdra `dw dt adrth frokt. Wa jd`ju`dta tha tftd` dosfroae aiargy

kitarjaptae oy tha Adrth's eksj (pk)rY?, kts ekstrkoutkfi fvar kts surndjadrad 5(pk)rY? die tdla kitf djjfuit thdt dofut :3% fn thdt ks ranàjtae

odjl kitf spdja, sf tha annajtkva rdekdtkfi hkttkig tha Adrth's surndja ks

dofut 73% fn tha kijfbkig rdekdtkfi raeujae oy nfur. _dekdtkva aiargy ksaqud` tf tabpardtura tf tha nfurth pfwar oy tha Ztandi-of`tzbdii

jfistdit. Hfwavar, tha annajtkva kijfbkig rdekdtkfi ks d`sf trdppae oy

graaihfusa gdsas die abkttae efwi tfwdres tha surndja fn tha adrth (ds wa`` ds abkttae up tfwdres spdja nrfb thks `fwar dtbfsphara jd`àe tha

trfpfsphara), tha bfst pfwarnu` graaihfusa gds oakig JF? (Jdrofi

Ekfxkea) die bfst douiedit die kbpfrtdit ks wdtar vdpfur. Uhks efuoàstha rdekdtkfi wdrbkig tha surndja fn tha p`diat. Uha dtbfsphara ks

praefbkidta`y Iktrfgai gds (I?) die Fxygai gds (F?), dofut ;1 parjait. Uhasa gdsas, hfwavar, dra ift graaihfusa gdsas. Uha graaihfusa gds JF?,

thfugh fi`y axksts ki trdja dbfuits, die wdtar vdpfur, orkig thatabpardtura fn tha Adrth up nrfb bkius 48 eagraas jaitkgrdea (48 oa`fw

nraazkig) tf di fosarvae dvardga fn pùs 41 eagraas jaitkgrdea (41 eagraas

dofva nraazkig). Wkthfut thasa jrujkd` graaihfusa gdsas, tha Adrth wfuè oa nrfzai. Uhay hdva thks aifrbfus annajt fi wdrbkig tha p`diat avai

wkth JF? axkstkig fi`y dt 533 pdrts par bk``kfi. Kt fjjurs idturd``y die

bdlas `kna fi Adrth pfsskoà. Hfwavar, tff bujh fn kt die tha Adrth jdi oatff wdrb, die wa dra ifw saakig dbfuits oayfie tha idturd` àva`s

thrfugh dithrfpfgaikj sfurjas, thdt dra bdlkig tha Adrth wdrbar thdi ks

ndvfrdoà nfr tha jfiektkfis oast nfr `kna tf oa bdxkbd``y sustdkidoà. Wasaa thks kijradsa ki JF? oagkiikig wkth tha kieustrkd` ard. Uha sajtfrsbfst raspfiskoà nfr tha kijradsa dra pfwar, kieustry, die trdispfrtdtkfi. @fflkig dt rajfres fn JF? dbfuits wa saa thdt kt wds :41 pdrts par

bk``kfi ki 4;18 die rfsa tf :;3 pdrts par bk``kfi ki ?343. Kt rfsa dofva533 ki ?34:. Fthar graaihfusa gdsas dra bathdia (JH5) die Iktrfus

Fxkea (I?F). Dgrkju`turd` djtkvktkas efbkidta abksskfis nfr iktrfus fxkea

die bathdia. D had`thy adrth ks fia thdt ks ki rdekdtkva aquk`korkub, thdtks, kt `fsas ds bujh rdekdtkfi ds kt rajakvas. Jurrait`y wa dra s`kght`y fut fn

rdekdtkva od`dija, tha Adrth dosfros dofut fia wdtt par squdra batar bfra

thdi kt `fsas. Uhdt badis kts tabpardtura ks ift stadey, out kijradskig.

Uha sf`dr ùbkifskty ks=

@32 :.; "43

?> M /s

Uha dvardga ekstdija fn tha Adrth nrfb tha Zui ks=

4.1 "4344b



:

Uharanfra tha sf`dr jfistdit ks=

Z 3 2

:.; "43?>

5# (4.1 "4344)?24,:73wdtts/batar

?

Uhdt ks tha dbfuit fn aiargy par sajfie par squdra batar hkttkig tha

Adrth.

Uha rdekdtkfi, N, ks prfpfrtkfid` tf tha tabpardtura, U tf tha nfurth pfwar,

die aqud` oy tha Ztandi-Of`tzbdi jfistdit, skgbd=

N 2" U 5

" 2 1.>7 #43$8Wb

$?L

$5

Uhks gkvas tha tabpardtura, U, dt tha tfp fn tha Zui‛s phftfsphara ks=

U2>,333 eagraas La`vki

Uha p`diatdry dòaef, d, ks tha dbfuit fn rdekdtkfi nrfb tha Zui thdt tha

Adrth ranàjts odjl kitf spdja whkjh ks :3%. Uharanfra d23.: ks tha

p`diatdry dòaef. Uharanfra tha Adrth rajakvas 73% fn tha Zui‛s `kght, fr,ki fthar wfres=

Z 3(4" d)# r?

5# r?

2

Z 3

5(4" d) 2$ U

5

U 2

?11L 2

"48f

J

Uhdt ks tha tabpardtura tha Adrth wfuè oa kn kt hde if dtbfsphara, bkius

akghtaai eagraas jaitkgrdea. Uha fosarvae dvardga tabpardtura ks=

U 241f

J

Nkntaai eagraas jaitkgrdea.

@at us `ffl dt d skbpà bfea` kn thara ks di dtbfsphara=

Wa hdva sdba dbfuit fn rdekdtkfi aitarkig systab ds ̀ advkig, thdt ks,skgbd U tf tha nfurth annajtkva aqud`s skgbd U tf tha nfurth fn tha

dtbfsphara=

" U a

52" U

d

5



1

Uha jd`ju`dtkfi ykaès ?;1 La`vki nfr tha Adrth, die thdt fosarvae ks ?14

La`vki. Uhus wkth d skbpà fia `dyar dtbfsphara bfea`, wa hdva j`fsa`y praekjtae tha p`diat‛s tabpardtura. âius wkth di dòaef 74% ykaès ?53

La`vki out ki rad`kty ks 733 La`vki. Uha eksjrapdijy ks ki kts hkghar

douiedija fn graaihfusa gdsas raspfiskoà nfr d ruidwdy graaihfusa

annajt. Bdrs, wkth di dòaef fn 47% ykaès ?4> eagraas La`vki out ksfosarvae tf oa ?53 eagraas La`vki. âius2?>33, Bdrs2?1;, die Adrth 2

4:13 nfr sf`dr jfistdits ki wdtts par squdra batar. Apsk`fi nfr adrth ks

dofut ;>%-;;%.

Bdrjh ?1, ?345 J`kbdta Zjkaija, Jfivajtkfi

Wa rankia fur bfea` oy kijùekig jfivajtkfi. Jfivajtkfi ks hadt trdispfrt oy bfvabait

fn d bdss fn nùke nrfb fia p`dja tf difthar. Ki j`kbdta physkjs kt ks tha vartkjd` trdisnar

fn hadt oy rkskig wdrb dkr die skilkig jff` dkr. Fur bfea` ks tff hft dt fr iadr tha

surndja fn tha adrth, tff jfè dt d iadr trfpfpdusa, `dpsa rdta fn tabpardtura ks tff `drga ki

trfpfsphara, hfwavar tha strdtfsphara bfea` ks j`fsa. Wa bust `ffl dt jfivajtkfi, kt ksvary kbpfrtdit. Kt ks ds kbpfrtdit ds rdekdtkfi ki trdispfrtkig aithd`py ki tha vartkjd` die

jfitrf`s wdtar die vdpfr j`fues, whkjh dra tha twf bfst kbpfrtdit dspajts tf rdekdtkva

trdisnar. Uha bajhdiksb ks wdrbar suostdijas dra àss eaisa die ̀ ass eaisa suostdijasrksa oajdusa thay hdva àss par vfùba nfr grdvkty tf djt fi thab. Whai thay jff`, thay

skil.

Ztdok`kty

Ki d vd`ày d od`` wk`` rf`` efwi d hk`` uitk` kt sattàs dt tha `fwast pfkit, whkjh ks di

aquk`korkub stdta, fr sfùtkfi. Difthar aquk`korkub sfùtkfi ks whai tha od`` ks parjhae

fi tfp fn d hk`` wkth vd`àys fi akthar skea< kt wfi‛t gf fut fn aquk`korkub uitk` kt ks pushaeki akthar ekrajtkfi, ki whkjh jdsa kt wfuè rf`` efwi d hk``.

Hyerfstdtkj Aquk`korkub

Grdvkty djjaàrdtas d gds efwiwdre, iat prassura bdlas kt rksa upwdres.

wkagt 2 "g#$ x$ y$ z

# 2 eaiskty

g 2 grdvkty

$ x$ y$ z 2 vfùba 2 %^

prassura = p$ x$ y " ( p+$ p)($ x$ y)

fr = p% D " ( p+ % p)(% D) 2 prassura

% D 2 Drad

Srassura ks nfrja par uikt drad die thdt dofva ks tha iat prassura, tha prassura dt tha

ofttfb fn tha ofx bkius thdt dt tha tfp. Srassura oakig nfrja par uikt drad gkvas nfrja

whai bu`tkp`kae oy drad.



>

bdss 2 b 2 "# x# y# z 2 " $^

ewet 2

b e ? z

et ?2 %g("# x# y# z) % (# p# x# y)

jàdr`y

ew

et 2 %g %&

' p

' z

& 2 spajknkj Vvfùba 24/" 2 vfùba /bdss

Uha Kead` Gds @dw sdys prassura ks prfpfrtkfid` tf tabpardtura=

" 2

_U

p

Jfbokikig fur twf aqudtkfis (fn bftkfi die prassura=

"g "# $ p

$ z2 "g "

_U

p

$ p

$ z2 3

4

p

$ p

$ z2 "

g

_U

prassura 2 p

U 2 tabpardtura

Uhks ks tha hyerfstdtkj aqudtkfi nfr di kead` gds dt rast ki d grdvktdtkfid` nkaè. Wakitagrdta tha aqudtkfi, die=

p 2 p3a"? / H

H # _U

g2 sjdàV hkaght

Nfr V Adrth V H $ 8lb

Wa dssart tha prassura ki tha vartkjd` fn tha dtbfsphara ks dpprfxkbdta`y axpfiaitkd`.Uha rad` dtbfsphara ks ift ksftharbd`, tha tabpardtura vdrkas, out ift fvar d d huga

nrdjtkfi.

Oufyfdijy



7

ew

et 2 "g# o$ x$ y$ z "$ p$ x$ y

# o 2 eaiskty Vfn V nùke

ew

et 2 "g% o

& p

& z

& p

& z2 "g /% a

ew

et 2 g

% o "% a% a

' O

D`pdh suo o die d`phd suo a dra spajknkj vfùbas fn nùkes, o ki tha sdbpà, a tha

surrfuiekig aivkrfibait. O ks oufydijy.

Kn tha nùke ki tha ofx, fr sdbpà ks àss eaisa thdi tha nùke ki tha surrfuiekig

aivkrfibait (hds d `drgar spajknkj vfùba) kt wk`` djjaàrdta upwdres. Kt ks Drjhkbaea‛s

`dw. Wa jdi eatarbkia whathar d eaiskty ki d grdvktdtkfid` nkaè wk`` oa stdoà.

Dekokdtkj Zdbpà (If Hadt Ks Deeae Fr Zuotrdjtae)

Oufydijy Die Aitrfpy

spajknkj Vvfùba =" 24/#

spajknkj Vaitrfpy = s

" 2 " ( p,s)

Zpajknkj vfùba ks d nuijtkfi fn prassura die aitrfpy. Oy tha jhdki ruà die uskigBdxwa``‛s @dw (nrfb nkrst `dw fn tharbfeyidbkjs)=

("# ) p 2

$#

$ s

%

& '

(

) * p

" s 2

$ U

$ p

%

& '

(

) * s

" s

O 2 g("# ) p

# 2

g

#

$ U

$ p

%

& '

(

) * s

" s 2 + $ U

$ z

%

& '

(

) * s

" s 2 ," s

, 2 dekdokdtkj V `dpsaV rdta

Uha sdbpà wk`` oa pfsktkva`y oufydit kn kts aitrfpy axjaaes thdt fn kts aivkrfibait.

Dekdodtkj @dpsa _dta (Nrfb Nkrst @dw fn Uharfbfeyidbkjs Die Kead` Gds @dw)



8

T•

2 U es

et 2 jv

eU

et + p

ex

et

T•

2 tftd`V hadtkig

jv 2 hadt Vjdpdjkty

T•

2 j peU et

"# epet

2 3 = dekdodtkj

j peU + gez 2 3 = hyerfstdtkj

eU

ez2 "

g

j$ %e = dekdodtkj V `dpsaV rdta & 4

fJ /433b 24L /433b

% 2

g

j p

j p 2 jv + _

Kn aitrfpy efasi‛t jhdiga dt d``, thara ks iautrd` stdok`kty. Aitrfpy eajradsas wkth d`tktueathai tha sdbpà ks pfsktkva`y oufydit (uistdoà) die djjaàrdtas upwdre. Aitrfpykijradsas wkth d`tktuea rasu`ts ki aitrfpy àss thdi kts aivkrfibait, die wfuè oa

iagdtkva`y oufydit die wfuè djjaàrdta efwiwdres, die thdt stdta ks stdoà.

Uha rdekdtkva aquk`korkub fn tha trfpfsphara kn yfu jd`ju`dta kts aitrfpy, yfu nkie kteajradsas upwdre. Zf wkth eajradskig aitrfpy wkth d`tktuea, kt ks uistdoà. Uha rdekdtkfi

ks jfistdit`y erkvkig d stdta fn kistdok`kty die sf yfu gat jfivajtkfi whara wdrb sdbpàs

n`fw upwdre die jff` sdbpàs n`fw efwiwdre. Wkth rdekdtkfi erkvkig kistdok`kty die

jfivajtkfi wfrlkig tfwdres stdok`kty, yfu usud``y gat stdok`kty. Kt erkvas tha dtbfspharatf d iautrd` stdta oajdusa rdekdtkva tkbasjdàs dra `fig die jfivajtkva tkbasjdàs dra

shfrt.



;

Bdrjh ?7, ?345

_dekdtkva-Jfivajtkva Aquk`korkub

Demustae nfr jfivajtkfi wa hdva :4: eagraas L whai bfea` ks :::L. Ztk`` d `kttà tff

wdrb. Uha radsfi ks thdt ki tha rad` dtbfsphara jfivajtkfi kivf`vas tha phdsa jhdiga fn wdtar lifwi ds bfkst jfivajtkfi. D j`fue ks d jf`àjtkfi fn vary tkiy jfieaisae wdtar

efpàts, fr kja jrystd`s. Uhay dra sf tkiy thay jdi oa jfiskearae tf oa ki suspaiskfi.

Uhay dra sf sbd`` thakr tarbkid` va`fjktkas dra sbd`` jfbpdrae tf dkr bftkfis. J`fues

nfrb whai dkr axpdies die jff`s. Uhakr sdturdtkfi vdpfr prassura erfps. Wdtar vdpfrjfieaisas. Uhks hdppais whai thara ks hkghar prassura dt tha surndja die `fwar prassura

hkghar ki tha dtbfsphara= dkr rksas, axpdies die jff`s. Whai wdtar vdpfr jfieaisas kt

raàdsas `dtait hadt fn vdpfrkzdtkfi die whai kt nraazas kt raàdsas tha `dtait hadt fn

nuskfi. Fur bfea` hds tf oa demustae nfr tha hadt whai wdtar jfieaisas. Jfieaisaewdtar d`sf avdpfrdtas, dosfrokig `dtait hadt fn vdpfrkzdtkfi fr nuskfi, jduskig dkr tf jff`.

Bfkst jfivajtkfi raekstrkoutas wdtar nrfb tha surndja up thrfugh tha dtbfsphara. Bfkstjfivajtkfi ks tha dgait fn ̀ fntkig wdtar die bdlas tha dtbfsphara bfkst. _ababoar,wdtar vdpfr ks tha bfst kbpfrtdit graaihfusa gds.

Dt > hajtfpdsjd`s, drfuie 3 eagraas J, wdtar axksts ki d`` thraa phdsas. Ds fia kijradsas

tabpardtura fi kijradsas sdturdtkfi vdpfr prassura, kt kijradsas axpfiaitkd``y. Ds fiadpp`kas prassura tf wdtar-kja, fia jdi ba`t kt.

Hatarfgaiafus Iujàdtkfi= tha jfieaisdtkfi fn vdpfr fitf pra-axkstkig sf`ke fr `kqukepdrtkjàs jd`àe darfsf`s. Wa efi‛t iaae tf lifw hfw ndst thks tdlas p`dja. Uha tkba ks

ifbkid`.

Srajkpktkdtkfi, sbd`` wdtar pdrtkjàs ki suspaiskfi jf``kea, jfdàsja kitf skzas hadvyaifugh tf nd``, jd`àe stfjhdstkj jfdàsjaija. Ift vary annajtkva.

Zdturdtkfi Aitrfpy s*

s* 2 j p ì U

U 3

"

# $

%

& ' ( _e ì

p

p3

"

# $

%

& ' + @v

q* (U , p)

U

"

# $

%

& '

@v 2

`dtait V hadt Vfn Vvdpfrkzdtkfi

q* 2 sdturdtkfi V spajknkj V hubkekty

Uha upwdre nùx ki tha j`fues bust aqud` efwiwdre nùx ki oatwaai j`fues=

BU 2" Z e

" z2 #T

•



43

Dbfuit fn wdtar avdpfrdtkig nrfb tha fjadi bust aqud` prajkpktdtkfi (wdtar ra-aitarkig

fjadi)=

Srajkpktkdtkfi2Avdpfrkzdtkfi2_dekdtkva Jff`kig (fn dtbfsphara)

Uwf @dyar _dekdtkva-Jfivajtkva Bfea`

" U a52 annajtkvaV nrfbV sui

" U 4

52 rdekdtasV upV die V efwi V nrfb V `dyarVfia

Kt rajakvas d jfivajtkva hadt nùx nrfb tha surndja N s die kt d`sf jfivajts d hadt nùx, N

j,

tfwdres `dyar twf.

" U s52 tabpardturaVfn V surndja

@dyar ?< Abkts rdekdtkfi upwdre die efwiwdre dt " U ?

5

die rajakvas jfivajtkva hadtnùx nrfb N

j.

U 42 U

?+ "U

U s 2

U ?+?"U

dt V tfpVfn V dtbfsphara =

U ?2 U a

U 42 U a + "U

U s 2 U a +?"U

Zurndja =N s +# U s5

2# U a5

+# U 45

@dyar? =?# U a52# U

4

5+ N j

(NVj ks jfivajtkva nùx jfbkig nrfb nkrst `dyar)

Eankia = x " #U

U a

N s 2$ U a5\4+ (4+ x)5 % (4+? x)5 R

N j 2$ U a5\? % (4+ x)5 R



44

Dprk` :, ?345

Wa spfla fn hadt trdisnar ki tha vartkjd` eua tf rdekdtkva trdisnar die jfivajtkva trdisnar,

ifw wa td`l dofut bftkfi fn ofth dkr die wdtar ki ofth tha hfrkzfitd` die vartkjd`

ekrajtkfis, whkjh wfuè oa dkr jurraits die fjadi jurraits kivf`vkig tha jfrkf`ks nfrja fr

djjaàrdtkfi fn dkr die wdtar eua tf tha rftdtkfi fn tha adrth ki fthar wfres, whkjh ks tftha rkght fn kts bftkfi ki tha ifrthari habksphara die tha ànt ki tha sfuthari habksphara.

Uhdt whkjh wa saa dra thkigs `kla tha wastar`y trdea wkies die fthar wkies, wkth thakr

dssfjkdtae aeekas. Uhks ks kbpfrtdit nfr tha bftkfi fn dkr die wdtar nrfb tha trfpkjs tf

tha pfàs. Wa oagki wkth tha axdjt sfùtkfi nfr d p`diat `kla adrth, out wkthfutjfitkiaits.

eu

et 2 nv "#

$ p

$ x

ev

et 2 " nu "#

$ p

$ z

# 2 spajknkj Vvfùba

p 2 prassura

n 2 ?%ski& 2 jfrkf`ksV pdrdbatar

% 2 digu`drV rftdtkfi Vadrth

(u die v dra va`fjktkas, adst-wast die ifrth-sfuth raspajtkva`y die thatd ks d badsura fn

`dtktuea)

Gafstrfphkj Od`dija

Aifugh Adst-Wast bftkfi tf od`dija tha prassura grdekait=

" # p

# z2 $ nu

Kt ks d nuiedbaitd` od`dija wa saa ki tha rad` wfrè. Uhks ks why wa saa dkr jkrju`dtkigj`fjlwksa drfuie hkgh prassura systabs die jfuitar j`fjlwksa drfuie `fw prassura

systabs. Die skbk`drk`y nfr adst-wast prassura grdekaits=

" # p

# x2 nv



4?

Jfbokikig thks wkth hyerfstdtkj od`dija wa hdva=

" # p

# y2 $ nu

" # p

# z2 $g

A `kbkidtaV pVoy VjrfssV eknnaraitkdtkfi

n # u

# z2 $g

# ì(" )

# y

%

& '

(

) * 2 $g

# ì(U )

# y

%

& '

(

) *

Whkjh ks tha Uharbd` Wkie Aqudtkfi. Uhks ks tha vartkjd` earkvdtkva fn tha adst-wast

wkie tkbas tha jfrkf`ks pdrdbatar. Kt sdys whai tabpardtura eajradsa tfwdres tha pfà,

zfid` wkie (wast-adst jfbpfiait fn tha wkie) bust kijradsa wkth d`tktuea. Oajdusa thay

dra wast-adst wkies, thay efi‛t trdispfrt aiargy ki tha ifrth-sfuth ekrajtkfi. Uwfpftaitkd` prfoàbs wkth thks sfùtkfi= Ift aifugh digu`dr bfbaitub dvdk`doà nfr

raqukrae adst-wast wkie die aquk`korkub sfùtkfi bdy oa uistdoà.

Fia bust oa vary jdranu` tf ekstkiguksh oatwaai aquk`korkub sfùtkfis die stdok`kty.

Wdrb dkr axtaies tfwdres tha pfàs die jfè dkr n`fws tfwdres tha aqudtfr. Uhdt taies tf

wdrb-up hkgh `dtktueas die jff` efwi `fw `dtktueas. D paieuùb ks stdoà, kt jfitkiuas

fsjk``dtkig ki tha sdba wdy, dofut tha jaitar. Out bfvkig, kt ks ift ki aquk`korkd< thdt kswhai kt ks stk``, hdigkig strdkght efwi. Ztdoà sfùtkfis fsjk``dta. Wdrb bfkst dkr bfvas

tf tha pfàs, ery jff` dkr tf tha aqudtfr. Whai wdrb dkr bfvas up, kt pushas jff` dkr

efwi< jff` dkr bfvkig efwi pushas wdrb dkr up. Uhks ks fsjk``dtfry. Aeekas trdispfrt

aiargy dwdy nrfb tha aqudtfr. Aeekas erkva tha tabpardtura grdekaits efwi tf dofut hd`n fn whdt thay wfuè oa ki tha rdekdtkva-jfivajtkva aquk`korkub sfùtkfi. Kt ks ift axdjt`y

jàdr hfw j`kbdta jhdiga annajts aeekas, out kt ks d suomajt fn vkgfrfus rasadrjh.

Uha Ztfry Zf Ndr.

Nkrst wa jfiskearae di Adrth thdt ks ki rdekdtkva aquk`korkub, thdt ks, hds ds bujh rdekdtkfi

jfbkig ki nrfb tha sui, ds àdvkig. Wa iftkjae thdt tha tabpardtura fn tha dtbfsphara

wds tha sdba ds tha annajtkva rdekdtkfi jfbkig ki nrfb tha sui die nrfb thdt wa waradoà tf eatarbkia tha tabpardtura fn tha surndja fn tha p`diat. Out thdt wds ift gffe

aifugh, wa iaxt jfiskearae di dtbfsphara wkth twf `dyars kistade fn fia die orfught ki

tha kead fn jfivajtkva aquk`korkub, whara wa gat nurthar hadt trdisnar nrfb jfivajtkfi,

whkjh ks tha rkskig fn wdrb dkr die skilkig fn jff` dkr. Wa d`sf ifw jfiskearae thaabbkskvkty fn tha dtbfspharkj `dyars ds wa``. Ofth rdekdtkva die jfivajtkva hadt trdisnar

dra vartkjd`. Wa ifw turiae tf tha hfrkzfitd` jfbpfiaits, whkjh trdisnar hadt. Uhay drafjadi die dkr jurraits. Uha wkie ki fthar wfres, nfr fia thkig. Wa nkie thara ks di axdjtsfùtkfi whara wa àdriae wkie va`fjktkas die ekrajtkfis dra eatarbkiae oy tha prassura

fn dkr, whkjh ks eatarbkiae oy kts tabpardtura, die dra orfught dofut oy jfrkf`ks nfrjas,

whkjh dra thfsa nfrjas fi tha dkr whkjh dra jdusae oy tha rftdtkfi fn tha Adrth, die tha

rasu`ts eapaieae fi `dtktuea.



4:

Zf, ki frear nfr adrth tf oa ki aquk`korkub kt hds tf `fsa aiargy (hadt) kt gdkis die kt efas

thks thrfugh tha bajhdiksbs fn rdekdtkig kinrdrae rdekdtkfi kitf spdja (rdekdtkva trdisnar),avdpfrdta fjadi wdtar pu``kig kt kitf tha sly ds wdtar vdpfr tf bdla j`fues (jfivajtkfi),

die jradta fjadi die wkie dkr jurraits (fjadi stradbs die wkie).

Uha Wkie

" 2jb

:

g

4

jb?2 par V drad

# p 2 g •jb

s?

4

jb?2 nfrja /drad

# y 2 jb 2 `dttktuea

"

# p

# y2jb:

g•

g

jb

s?

4

jb?•

4

jb2jb

s?2

djjaàrdtkfi

n 2 ?$ski% 2rdekdis

saj

u 2jb

s& nu 2

rdekdis

saj

jb

saj2 jb /saj

?2 djjaàrdtkfi

" # p

# y2 ' nu

Ki fthar wfres, tha prassura jhdiga ki tha dtbfsphara wkth `dtktuea, Ifrth-Zfuth

ekrajtkfi, rasu`ts ki di adst-wast wkie eua tf tha rftdtkfi fn tha Adrth.

Kdi Oadresày

Dprk` 4:, ?345



45

Uha Duthfr Whf Ks @adrikig J`kbdta Zjkaija Dt BKU

basics of climate science

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