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Historical Foundations of Microbiolog
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300 years of contributions by many
• Temuan-temuan penting, meliputi:
• Penemuan mikroskop dan teknik mikroskopi
• Metode-metode science
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Perkembangan mikrobiologi kedokteran• Teknik-teknik mikrobiologi
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
• Dutch linen mercha• First to observe livin
microbes
• Single-lens magnifieto 300X
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Insert figure 1.9 (a)microscope
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Discovery of Spores and Sterilization
• John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn eachdemonstrated the presence of heat resistant
forms of some microbes.• Cohn determined these forms to be endospores (sel
bakteri yang mampu bertahan dalam kondisi ekstrim)
• Sterilisasi bertujuan menghilangkan semua bentukkehidupan termasuk endospore dan virus yang
tidak diinginkan (sehingga tidak menyebabkankontaminasi)
• Desinfection: …..desinfeksi = ???
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• Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic techniquesreducing microbes in medical settings to preventinfections
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involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior tosurgery
• use of heat for sterilization
• Sterilisasi dengan panas:
- panas basah ….autoclave (alat dan bahan)
- panas kering …oven (alat-alat gelas)
• Sterilisasi dengan bahan kimia
• Sterilisasi melalui penyaringan
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Pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease
Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the bodby sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.
Two major contributors:
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Showed microbes causedfermentation and spoilage
Disproved spontaneousgeneration of microorganism
Developed pasteurization
Demonstrated “Germ TheoryDisease”
Developed a rabies vaccine
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Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Established Koch’s postulatsequence of experimental steps verified the germ theory:
The pathogen present in ever
Isolation from the host to the
Reproduce in healthy susceptexperimental host (usually an
The same pathogen recovere
the experimentally infected h
Identified cause of anthrax,and cholera;
Developed pure culture me
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The Study of Microbial Growth
• Microbial growth occurs at two levels: growth at cellular level with increase in size, and increase inpopulation
• Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through
binary fission (transverse)
• parent cell enlarges, duplicates itschromosome, and forms a central transverseseptum dividing the cell into two daughtercells
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Rate of Population Growth
• Time required for a complete fission cycle is calledthe generation, or doubling time
•Each new fission cycle increases the population byfactor of 2 – exponential or logarithmic growth.
• Generation times vary from minutes to days.
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Characteristics of Microbes Ciri2
Mikroba)
• Tipe sel: Procaryotes and eukaryotes
• procaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms,tidak mempunyai inti
sejati (bahan inti tidakterbungkus membran)
• eucaryote – unicellular (microscopic) andmulticellular
(macroscopic),mempunyai inti sejati
• Viruses
• acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleacid and protein
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Insert figure 1.5basic cell and virus structures
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Microbial Dimensions
• Viruses in nanometers
• Procaryotes are measured inmicrometers.
• Fungi are measured in millimeters.
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Insert figure 1.7measurements
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Insert figure 1.5basic cell and virus structures