bahan ujian i tambahan april 2016-1.pdf

8/18/2019 Bahan Ujian I Tambahan April 2016-1.pdf

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Historical Foundations of Microbiolog

•

300 years of contributions by many

• Temuan-temuan penting, meliputi:

• Penemuan mikroskop dan teknik mikroskopi

• Metode-metode science

•

Perkembangan mikrobiologi kedokteran• Teknik-teknik mikrobiologi


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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

• Dutch linen mercha• First to observe livin

microbes

• Single-lens magnifieto 300X

Insert figure 1.8


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Insert figure 1.9 (a)microscope


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Discovery of Spores and Sterilization

• John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn eachdemonstrated the presence of heat resistant

forms of some microbes.• Cohn determined these forms to be endospores (sel

bakteri yang mampu bertahan dalam kondisi ekstrim)

• Sterilisasi bertujuan menghilangkan semua bentukkehidupan termasuk endospore dan virus yang

tidak diinginkan (sehingga tidak menyebabkankontaminasi)

• Desinfection: …..desinfeksi = ???


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• Joseph Lister – introduced aseptic techniquesreducing microbes in medical settings to preventinfections

•

involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior tosurgery

• use of heat for sterilization

• Sterilisasi dengan panas:

- panas basah ….autoclave (alat dan bahan)

- panas kering …oven (alat-alat gelas)

• Sterilisasi dengan bahan kimia

• Sterilisasi melalui penyaringan


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Pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the bodby sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Two major contributors:

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch


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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Showed microbes causedfermentation and spoilage

Disproved spontaneousgeneration of microorganism

Developed pasteurization

Demonstrated “Germ TheoryDisease”

Developed a rabies vaccine

Insert figure 1.11


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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Established Koch’s postulatsequence of experimental steps verified the germ theory:

The pathogen present in ever

Isolation from the host to the

Reproduce in healthy susceptexperimental host (usually an

The same pathogen recovere

the experimentally infected h

Identified cause of anthrax,and cholera;

Developed pure culture me

Insert figure 1.12


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The Study of Microbial Growth

• Microbial growth occurs at two levels: growth at cellular level with increase in size, and increase inpopulation

• Division of bacterial cells occurs mainly through

binary fission (transverse)

• parent cell enlarges, duplicates itschromosome, and forms a central transverseseptum dividing the cell into two daughtercells


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Rate of Population Growth

• Time required for a complete fission cycle is calledthe generation, or doubling time

•Each new fission cycle increases the population byfactor of 2 – exponential or logarithmic growth.

• Generation times vary from minutes to days.


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Characteristics of Microbes Ciri2

Mikroba)

• Tipe sel: Procaryotes and eukaryotes

• procaryote – microscopic, unicellular organisms,tidak mempunyai inti

sejati (bahan inti tidakterbungkus membran)

• eucaryote – unicellular (microscopic) andmulticellular

(macroscopic),mempunyai inti sejati

• Viruses

• acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleacid and protein


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Insert figure 1.5basic cell and virus structures


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Microbial Dimensions

• Viruses in nanometers

• Procaryotes are measured inmicrometers.

• Fungi are measured in millimeters.


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Insert figure 1.7measurements


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Insert figure 1.5basic cell and virus structures

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