Download - AW 201 – C3
AW 201 – OSH 2
CHAPTER 3 - FIRE SAFETY
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Introduction
Fire incident that may occur in workplace are :
Ongoing work process such as welding, cutting, spray painting, grinding and etc.
Confined spaces where there are flammable chemicals or oxygen content of over 23.5%.
Faulty equipment
Storage areas/ warehouse where there are flammable materials or where the process of oxidizing occurs.
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Safety
DANGER?Fire
What should you do ? Know the exit Walk fast do not run Assemble in a secured area Check your friends 2/8 – khairil hermi, saiful
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Among the main causes of fire are :
Short circuit Equipment failure such as valves and safety
devices Welding, cutting and grinding activities Overflow/ leakages of flammable liquids or
gases Overheating Contact with hot surfaces Leakage or failure of pipes Human factors such as intentional burning
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Basic of fire
Fire can be define as :
“ A chemical reaction that occurs when a flammable material and oxygen comes into contact with a heat source or ignition ”
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Fire triangle Fire will only occur when all three
elements exist. Will cease to occur with the non
existence or elimination of any single element.
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Oxygen
The source of oxygen is the air which is a combination of 78% of nitrogen, 21% of oxygen and 1% of other gases such as carbon dioxide and argon.
Oxygen may also come from various chemicals that may encourage fire.
These chemicals are called agents of oxidization and an example is hydrogen peroxide.
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Heat
Known as the source of ignition Actually a form of energy where upon
contact with oxygen and flammables will start a fire.
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Flammable material
Consists of organic materials ( carbon) such as petrol, paper, wood and non organic material ( no carbon) such as hydrogen, sulphur and phosphorus.
Flammable have different ignition points/ temperature.
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Burning process
The occurrence of fire releases a form of energy that provides the source of energy to continue burning and releasing heat.
Vapour or gas may ignite due to sparks or small flames
Solid and liquid requires 2-5% more heat and oxygen.
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Spreading of fire
a) Direct burning- the burning of materials by direct heating
without any agent.
b) Transfer of heat flow
- spread of heat through a solid medium Convection
- upward spread of heatanez/jka
radiation- direct spreading of heat to other objects.- spreading through open spaces.
c) Movement of flammables Burning liquid Flammable vapour that is produced by
the heat of burning solid materials
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Classes of fire
Fire can be classified based on codes and standards :
i. NFPA 10 : 1984 Code (Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers)
National Fire Protection Association
CLASS TYPE OF FIRE
A Wood, paper , rubber and plastic
B Flammable liquid , oil, grease, tar, paint and gas
C Electrical equipments with connected electrical supply
D Metals
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ii. Code BS EN2 : 1992 (Eurocode)
CLASS TYPE OF FIRE
A Solids that cause fire
B Liquid
C Gas / vapour
D Metals
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Classes for industrial processes
Pool fire liquid / flowing liquid
Fireballs
Fire of vapour clouds
i. Type 1 : Fire w/o explosion
ii. Type 2 : Fire due to explosion
iii. Type 3 : Fire that may causing explosion
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Cont.
Fire jets (vapour)
Fire of solidsi. Burning of solidsii. Burning of dusts
Warehouse fire
Fire involving oxygenanez/jka
Pool fire liquid
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Fire balls
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Fire jet
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Vapour cloud
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Fire hazard control
Fire hazards may be controlled by :
a) Fire prevention
i. avoiding surge of flammable into the atmosphere
ii. Releasing of heat
iii. Controlling of heat sources ( Fire triangle )
b) Fire protection
i. Releasing of heat
ii. Enclosing or stopping supply of flammables
iii. Enclosing or stopping supply of oxygenanez/jka
Hazard identification through :
HAZOP – Hazards and Operability Studies.
Hazard checklist Fire and Explosion Index ( Dow Index) Chemical Exposure Index
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Safety plan
Selection of safe materials, equipments, machineries and processes includes user-friendly workplace, environmentally safe technology and safe storage systems.
Selection of safe technology
Characteristics User-friendly
Substitution of CHEMICAL
Avoid fire
Weakening of HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
De-fridgerate atmospheric temperature / Dilution
Design of EQUIPMENT Reaction may be handled and controlled Strong and suitable
Plan LAYOUT Breaks spread of fire and isolate between equipments
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Safety prevention system
Divided into two :
i. Prevention of initial incident
the purpose is to prevent the initial incident by having a detection and monitoring system, safe handling procedures and engineering controls.
Administrative controls Engineering controls
- Instructions and written procedures.- Signage / warning- Labeling of equipment- Suitability of person to job- Incentive and punishment- Inspection- Job training programme
- Better equipment / able to prevent and control mistakes.- Improved layout to minimise hazards- Better manual handling methods- Design equipment – user-friendly
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ii. Stop/control the source of the hazard as soon as the incident happens.
Extinguishing of the fire , reducing supply of flammables, dilution, emulsion, reducing oxygen content using foam and disrupting the burning process and reactions.Fire
classMaterial type Example Agent
A Normal flammable Wood, paper, fabric, plastic
Water, dry chemical, foam
B Flammable liquid and gas
Gasoline, oil, grease, LPG
CO2, foam, dry chemical, halon
C Working electrical item
Electric motor CO2, dry chemical, halon
D Flammable metal Magnesium, sodium, potassium
Dry chemical powder
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Safety protection system
Provides protection during fire occurrence by stopping spread of fire using :
i. Fire wall / barrier to air flowii. Fire resistant isolator – isolate fireiii. Trap fire to prevent explosioniv. Layout of tank and equipments
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Fire wall
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Fire insolator
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Layout
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Emergency response plan
Hazard identification and risk assessment. Control methods Communications – Incident Command System (ICS)
- consists of a standard management hierarchy and
procedures for managing temporary incident(s) of any
size. Announce and update emergency Cooperation of external parties Public relations
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Medical treatment
i. Medical surveillance and treatment system including :
- sending victim to medical centre if exposed to :
•Toxic materials from fire•Heat
ii. Ensure procedures for :
- Transportation of victims
- Appointment of officer in chargeanez/jka
Statutory provisions related to fire safetyi. Fire services Act 1988
provisions for the administrative methods and elimination of fire hazards.
ii. Uniform Building by Laws 1984
Detailed provisions on the construction of drains, roads and buildings.
iii. Occupational safety and health Act (OSHA 1994)
Section 15 – Provision on the duty of the employer to ensure and maintain plant safety and safe work system.
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The conclusion is ……………….
Thank you…….