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Understanding “Position” in Welding
Walter J. Sperko, P. E.Sperko Engineering Services, Inc.
4803 Archwood Dr.Greensboro, NC 27406
336-674-0600FAX 336-674-0202
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This presentation is copyrighted by Sperko Engineering
• General permission is granted for use of this presentation including printing thereof for educational purposes provided credit is given to Sperko Engineering.
• Use of the figures herein in any other publication without specific written permission is prohibited.
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This presentation is copyrighted by Sperko Engineering
• The primary purpose of this presentation is twofold: – Make sure that code users understand the
difference between testing positions and production welding positions
– Help users understand how to read the figures that define production welding positions shown on the next page.
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Production Welding PositionsGroove Welds Fillet Welds
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Standard Test PositionsPositions 1G, 3G, 6G, 2F, 5F, etc. are specially defined standard positions used for testing. They are properly referred to as Test Positions. Similar positions are found in ISO 6947 identified as PA, PC, PG, etc.
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Standard Testing PositionsTest positions are discreetly defined positions of test coupons that are used when mostly when testing welders. These positions have tolerance of ±15° from the defined horizontal planes and ±5° from a defined vertical or inclined plane. See QW-120
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Testing Position 1G/PA
±15°
Weld Axis Horizontal
Plate Horizontal
±5°
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Test Position 2G/PC
Plates Vertical
Weld Axis Horizontal
±15°
±5°
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Test Position 3F/PF or PG
±5°
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Test Position 6G/HL045 or JL045
45°±5°
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Test Positions are Discreetly Defined
• Because of tolerance limits on test positions, positions in between test positions are undefined!
• That is, a weld that is inclined 22° uphill and rotated 36° about its axis has no “G” or “F” position. Such a position, however, may be encountered during production welding.
• Production welding positions, therefore, need to be defined contiguously.
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Test Positions Qualify Welders for Specific Welding Positions
Test Positions Welding Positions
Translations from test positions to welding positions are made in the construction codes. QW-461.9 is typical.
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Test Positions Welding Positions
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Welding PositionsNote to table:
(1) Positions of welding as shown in QW-461.1 and QW-461.2
F = Flat
H = Horizontal
V = Vertical
O = Overhead
(2) Pipe 2-7/8 in outside diameter and over.
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Welding positions for groove welds are defined by the
following diagram.
NOTEWelding Position Diagrams are
contiguous.
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Welding Positions for Groove Welds
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Tabulation showing transition points between welding positions
Tabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°
Horizontal B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Let’s start with the Flat Position
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Welding PositionsTabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°
Horizontal B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°
210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Flat Positions Axis Inclination
15°
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Start at Nominal Flat Position
Face of weld is up
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Flat Upward Inclined Limit
15°
Weld may incline upwardto a limit of 15°
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Flat Upward Inclined Limit
15°
But the welder could be traveling down the incline. . .
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Flat Downward Limit Is Implied
15°
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Welding PositionsTabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°Horizonta B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°
210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Flat Position --Rotation About Axis180°
0°
30°30°
150°210°
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Flat Rolled Limit Clockwise210°180°
30°
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Flat Rolled Limit Clockwise
210°
180°
30°Equivalent to rotating
The plate 30°
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Flat Rolled Limit Counterclockwise
30°
150° 180°
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Flat Rotated Limits Not Considering Inclination
60°
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Welding PositionsTabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°Horizonta B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°
210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Flat Uphill Limit Rotated
15°
60°
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Flat Downhill Limit Rotated
15°
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Composite Flat Position Ranges
30°
60°
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Compare this range to 1G/PA. . .
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Testing Position 1G/PA
±15°
Weld Axis Horizontal
Plate Horizontal
±5°
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Flat ≠ 1G !!!!
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Welding PositionsTabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°
Horizontal B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Horizontal Position Axis Inclined
15°
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Basic Horizontal Position
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Horizontal Position Uphill Inclined Limit
15°
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Horizontal Position Downhill Inclined Limit
15°
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Welding PositionsTabulation of Positions of Groove Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°
Horizontal B 0 to 15° 80 to 150°210 to 280°
Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to 80°210 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 80 to 280°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
How this table and the diagram on the previous page work are shown in the following diagrams
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Horizontal Position Rotated
80°
150°
70° range
210°
280°
70° Range
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210°
Start at the Flat Rolled Limits
180°
30°
Let’s go to an end view. . . .
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Horizontal End View
30°
Horizontal starts where Flat ends. . . .
210°
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Horizontal Rotates to where the plate is perpendicular to the ground
30°
Horizontal rotates clockwise . .
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Horizontal Position Rotated Limit
30°
Horizontal ends here. . . .
10°
90°
280°
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70°
Non-inclined Horizontal Position Limits
Starts with plate Rotated 30°
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70°
Non-inclined Horizontal Position Limits
Finishes with plate Rotated 10° beyond
perpendicular
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Composite Horizontal Position Limits
15°
15°
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Compare Horizontal to 2G/PC
![Page 53: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
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Test Position 2G/PC
Plates Vertical
Weld Axis Horizontal
±15°
±5°
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Horizontal ≠ 2G/PC !!!!
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80°
280°
Overhead Position
160° range
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Basic Overhead
Face of weld is overhead!!!
0°
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Basic Overhead End View
Face of weld is overhead 0°
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Overhead Partial Rotation End View
Face of weld is overhead
0°
![Page 59: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
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Overhead Maximum Rotation End View
0°
280°
Face of weld onThis side
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Overhead Maximum Opposite Rotation End View
0°
280°80°
Face of weld onThis side
![Page 61: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
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Same Rotation in Isometric View
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Basic Overhead
Face of weld is overhead
0°
![Page 63: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
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Face of weld is overhead
Overhead Partial Rotation Isometric View
0°
![Page 64: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
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Overhead Maximum Rotation Isometric View
0°
280°
Face of weldOn this side
![Page 65: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
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Overhead Maximum Opposite Rotation Isometric View
0°
280°80°
Face of weld is on this side
![Page 66: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
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Overhead PositionAxis Inclination
80°
280°160° range
80° range
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Basic Overhead for Inclined Axis
Face of weld is overhead
0°
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Overhead Inclined Axis Rotation
0°0°
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
80°
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
80°
Weld can rotate 360° about vertical axis while inclined 10°
forward tilt.
![Page 71: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 72: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 73: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 74: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 75: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 76: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld can rotate aboutThe vertical axis
10°
![Page 77: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
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Overhead Inclined Axis Limit
0°
Weld ends up back Where it started!
10°
![Page 78: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
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Composite Overhead Position Limits
280°
80°
0°0°
80°
360° 10°
![Page 79: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
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Overhead ≠ 4G/PE !!!!
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Vertical Position Part 1
65° Range of Inclination From 15 to 80°.
Face of weld is up
15°
80°
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Vertical Position Part 1Range of inclination
Starts at 15°Face of weld is up
15°
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Vertical Position Part 1Range of inclination continues upward. . .
Greater than 15°
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Vertical Position Part 1Until reaching 80°
80°
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Vertical Position Part 2When the “E” portion
of the diagram is reached
80°
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Vertical Position Part 2The “E” portion of the diagram --
360° RotationAbout vertical axis
80°
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Vertical Position Part 2The “E” portion of the diagram begins here. .
80°
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Vertical Position Part 2Partial rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2More rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2Even more rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2Rotated 180° about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2Continuing Rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2Continuing Rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2Continuing Rotation about
Vertical axis
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Vertical Position Part 2360° of Rotation about
Vertical axis completed
![Page 95: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
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Vertical Position Part 3
80°
280°
200° Range of Rotation
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Vertical Position Part 3
Start here with inclinationUphill or Downhill 15°Face of weld upward
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Rotate face while holding Inclination constant
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Continue rotating with Inclination constant
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Rotated to vertical limit Inclination constant
15°280°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Return to starting positionUphill or Downhill 15°Face of weld upward
15°
![Page 101: ASME/AWS System for Welding Positions - Sperko Home …sperkoengineering.com/html/Position.ppt · PPT file · Web view · 2009-07-21Understanding “Position” in Welding Walter](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070607/5aa1c5677f8b9ada698c0f19/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
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Vertical Position Part 3
Rotate face of weld Opposite direction
Inclination Constant 15°
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Continue rotatingOpposite direction
Inclination Constant 15°
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Plate near verticalInclination Constant 15°
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
Plate at vertical limitof rotation.
Inclination Constant 15°
15°
80°
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Vertical Position Part 3
80°
280°
200° Range of Rotation inclined
Uphill or Downhill 15°
15°
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Vertical Position Part 3
80°
280°
200° Range of Rotation Inclination angle
Increases
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Vertical Position Part 3
280°
200° Range of Rotation Inclination angle
Increases more. . .
80°
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Vertical PositionComposite
80°
280°160° range
65°
200°
360°
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Welding Positions for Fillet Welds
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Flat Fillet Weld
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Horizontal Fillet Weld
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Welding Positions for Fillet Welds
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Welding Positions for Fillet WeldsTabulation of Positions of Fillet Welds
Position Diagram Reference Inclination of Axis Rotation of Face
Flat A 0 to 15° 150 to 210°
Horizontal B 0 to 15° 125 t0 150°
210 to 235°Overhead C 0 to 80° 0 to125°
235 to 360°
Vertical D 15 to 80° 125 to 235°E 80 to 90° 0 to 360°
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Welding Positions for Fillet WeldsThe Horizontal Range
Is smaller for fillet weldsThan it is for groove welds
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Welding Positions for Groove Welds
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Questions?Feedback?
Can you explain the diagrams to your friends?
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