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ARSENIC CONTAMINATION OF WATER IN BANGLADESH
SENGE NGALAME
MPH 583
DR. WHEELER
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WHAT IS ARSENIC
• SEMI-METAL ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE
• ODORLESS
• TASTELESS
• ENTERS INTO WATER FROM NATURAL DEPOSITS
• ANOTHER OPTION OF ENTERING WATER IS AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
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HEALTH EFFECTS OF ARSENIC
• DAMAGE OR PROBLEMS IN THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• INCREASED RISK OF CANCER(BLADDER, LUNG, SKIN, KIDNEY, AND LIVER)
• HARMS CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS
• BIRTH DEFECTS
• REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS
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MAGNITUDE OF ARSENIC POISONING IN BANGLADESH
• POPULATION OF BANGLADESH: 125 MILLION
• TOTAL POPULATION IN REGIONS WHERE SOME WELLS ARE KNOWN TO BE CONTAMINATED: 35–77 MILLION
• MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION OF ARSENIC PERMITTED IN DRINKING WATER ACCORDING TO WORLD HEALTH RECOMMENDATIONS: 10 MG/L
• MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION ALLOWED IN BANGLADESH: 50MG/L (SIMILAR TO MANY COUNTRIES WORLDWIDE)
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ISSUES INVOLVING ARSENIC CONTAMINATED WATER
• ARSENIC EXPOSURE IN BANGLADESH IS WIDESPREAD AND INVOLVES THOUSANDS OF WELLS
• ESTIMATES INDICATE THAT AT LEAST 100 000 CASES OF SKIN LESIONS CAUSED BY ARSENIC HAVE OCCURRED AND THERE MAY BE MANY MORE
• IF EXPOSURE CONTINUES, SKIN LESIONS WILL CONTINUE TO OCCUR
• SKIN LESIONS ARE UNPLEASANT AND MAY BE DEBILITATING
• SKIN LESIONS ARE OCCURRING IN CHILDREN AGED 10 YEARS AND YOUNGER
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QUICK FACTS
• THE CAUSE IS KNOWN: EACH DAY OF CONTINUED EXPOSURE INCREASES THE RISK OF MORBIDITY AND DEATH
• SUSTAINED DRINKING OF WATER CONTAINING 500MG/L OF ARSENIC MAY RESULT IN 1 IN 10 PEOPLE DYING FROM ARSENIC-RELATED CANCERS
• UNLIKE OTHER MAJOR HEALTH PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED IN BANGLADESH, ARSENIC-CAUSED DISEASES CAN BE ERADICATED AT RELATIVELY LOW COST
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TRANSMISSION OF WATER IN BANGLADESH
• PRIMARY DRINKING WATER SOURCE ARE TUBE-WELLS
• ESTABLISHED IN THE 1940S
• WATER IS DRAWN FROM UNDERGROUND AQUIFERS
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CONTAMINATION OF WATER IN BANGLADESH
• HISTORICALLY, WATER SOURCES HAVE BEEN CONTAMINATED WITH MICROORGANISMS
• CAUSES SIGNIFICANT BURDEN OF DISEASE AND MORTALITY
• INFANTS AND CHILDREN SUFFERED FROM ACUTE GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE FROM BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF STAGNANT POND WATER.
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DRAWING AWARENESS TO RESIDENTS
• ARSENIC CONTAMINATION WAS CONFIRMED IN 1993 IN NAWABGANJ DISTRICT
• A CONFERENCE TO RAISE AWARENESS WAS CONVENED IN 1995 BY D. CHAKRABORTI AND THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF JADAVPUR UNIVERSITY IN CALCUTTA
• PROBLEM BECAME CLEARER THROUGH ADDITIONAL SURVEYS OF THE WATER AND POPULATION
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RESEARCH DONE
• A STUDY CONDUCTED IN THE RAJARAMPUR VILLAGE OF THE NAWABGANJ DISTRICT, BY THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE AND THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, FOUND THAT 29% OF THE 294 TUBE-WELLS TESTED HAD ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN 50 MG/L
• AN EXAMINATION OF 265 WELLS IN SAMTA VILLAGE IN THE JESSORE DISTRICT FOUND THAT ABOUT 91% OF THE WELLS HAD ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS HIGHER THAN 50MG/
• IN 1998, A BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF 41 DISTRICTS COLLECTED 2022 WATER SAMPLES— 35% WERE FOUND TO HAVE ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE 50 MG/L (TABLE 1)AND 8.4% WERE ABOVE 300 MG/L
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STRATEGIES TO REDUCE EXPOSURE
• IDENTIFYING TUBE WELLS THAT HAVE WATER WITH A LOW ARSENIC CONTENT
• PROVIDING EACH HOME WITH A WATER FILTER
• PROVIDING CHEMICALS TO BE USED DAILY TO REMOVE ARSENIC FROM HOUSEHOLD DRINKING WATER
• WATER SOURCES THAT HAVE BEEN TREATED BY FILTRATION AND CHLORINATION
• CLOSE HIGHLY CONTAMINATED WELLS WHEN A TEMPORARY WATER SOURCE HAS BEEN IDENTIFIED
• USING FIELD KITS TO DETECT IF THE WATER HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED
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CHALLENGES OF PROVIDING ARSENIC FREE WATER
• IDENTIFICATION OF ARSENIC FREE TUBE WELLS IN THE KNOWN AFFECTED AREAS
• TREATMENT OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATED WATER WHERE NO OTHER SAFE SOURCE EXISTS
• HABIT, CULTURE AND CUSTOM OF THE PEOPLE
• ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, AND THEIR WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO PAY FOR THE SERVICE
• COMMUNITY MOTIVATION TO FACE THE CHALLENGE COLLECTIVELY
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CHALLENGES CONT.
• TECHNOLOGIES
• COST
• MONITORING
• RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
• INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT
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REFERENCES
• HUSSAIN, A.Z. (2014). ARSENIC CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER IN BANGLADESH. MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE: BANGLADESH. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://USERS.PHYSICS.HARVARD.EDU/~WILSON/ARSENIC/COUNTRIES/BANGLADESH/MINOFHLTH_BANG.HTML
• LINGAS, E., RAHMAN, M, & SMITH, A. (2008). CONTAMINATION OF DRINKING-WATER BY ARSENIC IN BANGLADESH: A PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY. BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.WHO.INT/DOCSTORE/BULLETIN/PDF/2000/ISSUE9/BU0751.PDF?UA=1
• NATURAL RESOURCES DEFENSE COUNCIL. (2009, FEBRUARY 12). ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.NRDC.ORG/WATER/DRINKING/QARSENIC.ASP
• UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (2013, SEPTEMBER 17). BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT ARSENIC IN DRINKING WATER. WATER: BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT REGULATED DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS. RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WATER.EPA.GOV/DRINK/CONTAMINANTS/BASICINFORMATION/ARSENIC.CFM