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AquacultureOverview of Trends and Current Issues
Hauke Kite-PowellWHOI Marine Policy Center
October 2002
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Capture Fisheries –Do they still make sense?
• The concept• Fisheries management• Safety
• So: yes, but…
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World Production of Seafood: 1984-98(1984 = 100)
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1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
aquaculture indexwild harvest index
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World Fish Production
• Capture fisheries– 6% growth per year 1950s, 60s– 2% growth per year 1970s, 80s– No growth in 1990s – 80 million tons/year marine, 10 mt fresh water– $76 billion
• Aquaculture– Dramatic growth in 1980s, 90s– 20 million tons/year fresh, 13 mt marine– Approx. $50 billion
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Utilization, 1999
• 93 million tons for human consumption• 30 million tons for fishmeal and oil• World per capita food fish supply: 15.4 kg
per year• Animal protein contribution in human diet:
15%
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World Aquaculture Today
• Freshwater: finfish (carp)• Brackish water: shrimp (tiger prawn)• Marine: seaweeds and molluscs (oysters);
salmon
• China accounts for more than half of all aquaculture production
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Aquaculture Techniques
• Extensive ponds (carp, tilapia)• Semi-intensive ponds (shrimp)• Cage culture (mariculture; salmon)• Intensive onshore systems (finfish)
• Others: seaweed, shellfish beds, tuna…
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US Aquaculture: Context
• Production less than $1 billion/year• Marine capture fisheries: $3.5 billion/year;
imports are about 50% of consumption• Recreational fisheries: over $1 billion in
expenditures/year in Massachusetts alone• US aquaculture species: catfish, salmon,
oysters, …
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US and RI Commercial Fisheries Landings(nominal $ millions, 1000s metric tons)
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Average Price of Commercial Fish Landings
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
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New England
• Gulf of Maine: commercial fish landings $700 million/year; aquaculture $90 million
• Salmon (ME), quahogs and oysters (MA), lots of oysters (CT)
• Challenges to growth:– Labor costs– Space (MA coastal tourism expenditures: $5
billion/year)
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Challenges: US Aquaculture
• Onshore intensive systems or open ocean?• Efficiency through automation• Species for local fresh markets• Environmental and ecological issues
– Nutrient loading (ponds, open water)– Genetics– Disease management– Reproduction
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Recent WHOI Work
• “access system” for federal waters– grants of “tenure” for ocean aquaculture
operations• economics and optimization of open ocean
growout of finfish and shellfish– blue mussels, scallops– cod, flounder, salmon
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Project NPV as a Function of Price and Cycle Mortality/Loss Rate
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mortality/loss % over 2-year cycle
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Cost Components
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cod salmon flounder
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onshore & other
vessel and crew
feed & medication
fingerlings
cage system op/maint.
cage system install.
$83.7m $99.6m $14.4m
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Effect on NPV of Distance from Shore Base
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cod
salmon
flounder1 RT/day2 RTs/day3 RTs/day
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Polyculture
• Utilize waste, excess nutrients• Finfish -> shellfish -> algae• Both high intensity tank systems and low
intensity ponds
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Detour: 3rd World
• Similar problems, but a very different context
• Seafood protein is more important – few substitutes available
• Severe overfishing• Limited infrastructure and economic
resources
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Zanzibar Background
• Importance of seafood to diet• Fisheries in decline• Sensitivity to environmental degradation
(tourism potential)• Seaweed farming• Little technological infrastructure
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Wrapping Up
• Aquaculture is the future of seafood production
• Room for growth is US; economic constraints
• Environmental and ecological challenges
• Think about where your seafood comes from