Download - Apes Chapt14 Notes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 191
WaterWaterChapter 14Chapter 14
Living in the EnvironmentLiving in the Environment 13 13thth Edition MillerEdition Miller
Advanced Placement Environmental Science
Prepared by Nita Ganguly Oak Ridge High
School
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Key HKey H220 Characteristics0 Characteristics
bull Water is the prime constituent
of all living organismsbull Water moves easily-from one
physical state to another and
from one place to anotherbull Water slowly absorbs and
releases large quantities of
energybull Water is a superior solvent
bull Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies(Source Wright amp Nebel 2002)
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Importance of Water PropertiesImportance of Water Properties
clean water supplies
can quickly lead to
dehydration and
death
quickly erode topsoilrendering farmland
infertile and streams
contaminated
excess nutrients amp
acids dissolved in
H20 can lead to
massive die offsMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
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bullbull WaterWater
ndashndashSupply Renewal and UseSupply Renewal and Usendash Too little Water
ndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
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Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles
bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans
bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps
and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible
ndash Soil moisture
ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor
ndash Lakes
ndash Streams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
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Water CycleWater Cycle
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
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Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
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GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
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HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
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AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
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Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
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Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
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Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
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Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
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Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
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httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
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Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
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Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
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Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
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Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
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Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
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California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
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Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
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Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
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Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
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San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
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bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
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World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
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Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
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Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
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q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
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bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
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bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
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bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
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bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
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ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Key HKey H220 Characteristics0 Characteristics
bull Water is the prime constituent
of all living organismsbull Water moves easily-from one
physical state to another and
from one place to anotherbull Water slowly absorbs and
releases large quantities of
energybull Water is a superior solvent
bull Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies(Source Wright amp Nebel 2002)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Importance of Water PropertiesImportance of Water Properties
clean water supplies
can quickly lead to
dehydration and
death
quickly erode topsoilrendering farmland
infertile and streams
contaminated
excess nutrients amp
acids dissolved in
H20 can lead to
massive die offsMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 491
bullbull WaterWater
ndashndashSupply Renewal and UseSupply Renewal and Usendash Too little Water
ndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 591
Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles
bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans
bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps
and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible
ndash Soil moisture
ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor
ndash Lakes
ndash Streams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 791
Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 891
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Importance of Water PropertiesImportance of Water Properties
clean water supplies
can quickly lead to
dehydration and
death
quickly erode topsoilrendering farmland
infertile and streams
contaminated
excess nutrients amp
acids dissolved in
H20 can lead to
massive die offsMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWater
ndashndashSupply Renewal and UseSupply Renewal and Usendash Too little Water
ndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles
bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans
bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps
and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible
ndash Soil moisture
ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor
ndash Lakes
ndash Streams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
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Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWater
ndashndashSupply Renewal and UseSupply Renewal and Usendash Too little Water
ndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 591
Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles
bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans
bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps
and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible
ndash Soil moisture
ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor
ndash Lakes
ndash Streams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 591
Available WaterAvailable Waterbull Total = 326 million cubic miles
bull 974 of Earthrsquos water is inoceans
bull 1984 is locked up in ice caps
and glaciersbull 0014 is easily accessible
ndash Soil moisture
ndash Groundwaterndash Water vapor
ndash Lakes
ndash Streams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 791
Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 891
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 691httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterdistributionhtml
Water Supply amp UseWater Supply amp Use
0014 liter
(25 teaspoons)
Readily
available
freshwater
0014
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 791
Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 891
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 791
Water CycleWater Cycle
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 891
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
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Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 891
Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
bull Powered by solar energy and gravitybull Evaporation and precipitation
bull Continuous recycling of water
ndash Runoff ndash Infiltration
ndash Evaporation
ndash Temporary storage as snow and icendash Temporary storage in lakes
ndash Temporary storage in plants (transpiration) and animals
ndash Chemical reactions with rocks and mineralsndash Volcanism also causes melting of snow caps and
mudflows as melted water mixes with ash
ndash Source of additional water volcanism (steam)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 991
Surface WaterSurface Water
bull Surface runoff flows into streams lakes
wetlands and reservoirs
bull A watershed or drainage basin
ndash Region that drains into a streams lakes
wetlands or reservoirs
wwwcanaanviorgassistance watershedasp
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1091
GroundwaterGroundwaterbull Precipitation infiltrates and percolates
through voids in soil and rock ndash Pores fractures crevices etc
bull Shallow rock has little moisture
bull Zone of saturation is at a depth were groundis filled with water
bull Top of this zone is water tablendash Falls in dry weather
ndash Rises in wet weather
HOW RIVERS
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1191
HOW RIVERS
WORK the role of
groundwater
wwwelmhursteduchm110 outlinesgroundwaterhtml
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1291
AquifersAquifers
bull Porous water-saturated layers of sand
gravel or bedrock through whichgroundwater flows
bull Area of land that supplies water to aquifer is
called the recharge area
bull Natural recharge is when water percolates
downward but sometimes lateral rechargeoccurs
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1391
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1491
Groundwater MovementGroundwater Movementbull Groundwater moves from recharge area
through an aquifer and out a discharge areandash well spring lake geyser artesian well stream
ocean
bull Normally moves downhill at only a meterper year
bull Some aquifers get little recharge and wereformed thousands of years ago
bull Removal from these nonrenewable
resources is called water mining
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1591
Use of Fresh WaterUse of Fresh Water
United Statesbull 41 agriculture
bull 38 power plant coolingbull 11 industry
bull 10 public
Chinabull 87 agriculture
bull 7 industrybull 6 public
W t UW t U Gl b llGl b ll
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1691
Water UseWater Use GloballyGloballyAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull 70 percent of all water
withdrawn for human use on
an annual basis is soaked upby agriculture (mostly in the
form of irrigation)bull Industry accounts for 23
bull Domestic use (householddrinking water sanitation)
accounts for about 7 percent0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1791
Water UseWater UseAccording tohellipAccording tohellipPeople and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person needs a minimum of five litres (13 gallons) of water per day to
survive in a moderate climate at an average
activity level according to UN figures
bull The minimum amount of water needed for
drinking and cooking bathing andsanitation is 50 litres (13 gallons)
Water UseWater Use ( i i 13 ll )( i i 13 ll )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1891
Water UseWater Use -- (minimum 13 gallons)(minimum 13 gallons) People and PlanetPeople and Planet
bull The average person in theUnited States uses between 250
to 300 litres of water (65-78
gallons) per day for drinkingcooking bathing and watering
their yard
bull The average person in the
Netherlands uses 104 litres per
day (27 gallons)
bull The average person in the
African nation of Gambia uses
45 litres per day (12 gallons of water)
0
50
100
150
200
250
United States
Netherlands
Gambia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 1991
Water UseWater Use -- United StatesUnited States
bull In 1990 about 408000 million gallons (Mgald)
of water were used each day
bull Of that about 339000 Mgald was fresh water
and about 69400 Mgald was saline water
bull California used the most water about 46800Mgald with most of that going towards
irrigation
bull The state with the second-highest water use was
Texas with about 25200 Mgald mostly for use
in the power-production industries and forirrigation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2091
httpgawaterusgsgoveduwaterusehtml
bull Some conversions
bull 1 Mgald = 1547 cubic feet per second
bull 1 Mgald = 06944 thousand gallons per minute
bull 1 Mgald = 1121 thousand acre-feet per year
bull 1 million gallons = 307 acre feet
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
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httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2191
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndashndashToo little WaterToo little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2291
Too Little WaterToo Little Water
bull Causesndash Dry climate
ndash Drought - a period in which precipitation is
much lower and evaporation is much higher
ndash Desiccation - drying of soil because of such
activities as deforestation and overgrazingndash Water stress - low per capita availability of
water caused by overpopulation
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
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ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2391
Precipitation Varies GreatlyPrecipitation Varies Greatly
bull US cities vary in their precipitation from anaverage of less than 8 to 60 inches a year
bull Globally the extreme is even greater ndashaverages of less than 1 inch to more than 70inches per year
bull However this masks variations between years
bull Some locations may get ten times more or
less than 110 of their annual average fromyear to year
bull Meeting demands for water when precipitationis so highly varied creates many challenges
wwwgeocitiescomseafloormapping2 atmoshtm
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2491
whyfilesorg131fresh_water 2html
Gl b l P i i i P
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2591
Global Precipitation PatternsGlobal Precipitation Patterns
Wright and Nebel 2002
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2691
httpwwwpeopleandpla
netnetgraphsFreshwate
ravailabilityjpg
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2791
bull In most areas of
Nevada andCalifornia
potential
transpiration andevaporation is in
excess of
precipitationwhich causes a net
moisture deficit
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2891
Drought may spark food price hike
Tuesday November 12 2002
SYDNEY Australia --All but one percent of
Australias most populous
state New South Waleshas been bit by the
countrys worst drought in
a century with retailers
warning that if rain does
not fall soon the country
will likely face massive
food price hikes
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
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wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 2991
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Water
ndashndashDams and Reservoirs andDams and Reservoirs and
Transferring waterTransferring waterndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiencyndash Too Much Water
W d Ci ili iW t d Ci ili ti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3091
Water and CivilizationWater and Civilizationbull Many anthropologists and historians believe the need to
manage water played a major role in the development of
early systems of government
bull In Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent where the Tigris andEuphrates Rivers come together water allowed the rise of
irrigation-based agriculture but this required coordination
and rules to permit equitable access to water downstream
bull Proto-laws and governments were thusdeveloped some 4400 years BP
bull Ancient communities that prosperedwere those that generally well managedtheir water supplies
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
E l f W t M tExamples of Water Management
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3191
Examples of Water ManagementExamples of Water Managementbull Many civilizations built impressive water management systems
ndash to bring water to places where people wanted to be or wherecrops could be grown but where it was naturally insufficient
bull Egyptians built dykes canals and water lifts to extend
agricultural limitsbull Middle East and North African nomads built qanats
(underground chain wells)
bull Nabateans built runoff harvesting systems ndash cisterns and floodterraces
bull Incas built canals to catch snowmelt from the Andes to the
coastal desert and terraces to flood for farmingbull Romans built municipal aqueducts and sewers to serve
burgeoning settlements
bull For a good fun site on water history go hereMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3291
Egyptians perfected the shadouf to
draw water from canals and the river to
the adjacent bank and into ditches
Nomadic herders and later sedentary
civilizations developed chains of
wells ndash qanats karez foggaras falaj ndash
to route water across miles of desertfrom distant aquifers
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Water for PowerWater for Power
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3391
Water for PowerWater for Powerbull In addition to its uses for municipal purposes (drinking
sanitation etc) and for farming moving water also hastremendous power to do work
bull This too has been harnessed for millennia ndash first to lift water
out of the river itself then to grind grain and turn gears formachinery like looms and then for electricity
bull Water wheels have been in use for more than 2000 years and
were thought to have been a major factor in the advancementof European societies in the middle ages as labor was freedfor other purposes than farming
bull Following the discovery of electricity and the pioneering of electric light by Edison in the 1880s hydropower systemswere built to generate electricity to send through transmission
lines to homes and businesses
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
Example of noria water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3491
Slaters Mill in Rhode
Island one of the
earliest American
water poweredindustrial systems
Example of noria ndash water
driven wheels lifting water
into irrigation ditches orelevated aqueducts (This is
in Vietnam)
Gorges Project Yangtze River
China ndash worldrsquos biggest
hydropower project 19 m kW
Michael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3591
Increasing Water Supplies
bull Build dams and reservoirs to store runoff
bull Bring in surface water from another area
bull Withdraw groundwater
bull Convert salt water to fresh water
(desalination)
bull Improve the efficiency of water use
swan Dam Egypt Chinese Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3691
Hoover Dam-
Fish Bypass SystemEarthen Dam
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3791
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ProsPros
bull Collect and store water from rain and snow
bull Produce electricity
bull Irrigate land below the dam
bull Control flooding
bull Provide water to cities towns and rural areas
bull Provide recreational activities such as
swimming boating fishing
Large DamsLarge Dams - ConsCons
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3891
Large DamsLarge Dams -- ConsCons
bull Enormous loss of water due to evaporation
bull Mass of water can cause earthquakes
bull Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and
displaces people
bull Danger of Dam collapsebull Downstream areas deprived of nutrient-rich
soil which will eventually clog the reservoirbull Migration and spawning of fish disrupted
bull Expensive to build
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 3991
Case StudyCase Study
CaliforniaCaliforniaCSU Hayward
Dept Geography and
Environmental Studies
GEOG 4350 Fall 2001 Class 6
isiscsuhaywardedualssgeography mleegeog43504350c6f01ppt
Most of the land in
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4091
Most of the land in
Nevada and southern
California is desert
shrubland because
these areas receivelittle precipitation By
contrast wetter areas
of central and northernCalifornia are forested
where mountainous
and developed asfarmland and urban
areas are flatter
Californiarsquos Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4191
California s Water
bull Water Lawbull Californiarsquos Water Projects
ndash Los Angeles Aqueductndash Hetch-Hetchy
ndash Salton Sea
ndash Colorado Aqueduct
ndash Central Valley Project
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4291
Water LawWater Law
bull Riparian Rights (Sharing)ndash from English Common Law
ndash applies to surface waters
ndash owner of waterfront land to use amounts correlated with other
riparian owners
ndash Works well in areas with water surplus
bull Prior Appropriation (1st come first served)
ndash from Spanish law
ndash no preference given to those adjoining water coursendash water rights based on use earliest has rights
ndash use protected as long as it is continuous and ldquoreasonablerdquo
Water LawWater Law
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4391
Water LawWater Law
bull Correlative Rightsndash applies to ground water
ndash about 40 of all California water (not a sustainable
withdraw)ndash Overlying landowners entitled to ldquoreasonablerdquo use Rights are
correlated with other landowners overlying the aquifer
bull The California Doctrinendash 1928 amendment to California Constitution
ndash ldquoMost reasonable beneficial userdquo
ndash Blend of riparian and appropriation rights
ndash Problem California water geography is unbalanced Plenty of
water in the north Most people in the south
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4491
California Water CodeCalifornia Water Code
bull Highest priority for domestic usebull Second priority goes to irrigation
bull Applications by municipalities for use of waterby residents given priority over most other uses
bull Water Board determines allocation to servepublic interest Board must work within state
water plans
bull Owens Valley issue highlights how contentiousthis process can be
Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)Los Angeles Aqueduct (DWP)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4591
Eastern Sierra
bull Started in 1908 by William Mulholland
bull appropriated water feeding Owens Valley
bull taps surface flow from Eastern Sierra southbull 250 miles cost $25000000 and took five years
bull pipe and flume tunnel and trench
bull gravity feed no pumping
bull generates hydroelectric power
bull LA purchased riparian land used appropriation rights toget away with this Ranchers in Owens Valley fought
back with dynamite and guns - Californiarsquos only range
war
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4791
Mono LakeMono Lake bull In 1941 LA DWP started diverting
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4891
Mono LakeMono Lake g
Mono Basin streams to add to LA
Aqueduct
bull Mono Lakersquos volume halved while
salinity doubled The simpleecosystem began to fail and
threatened migrating birds and
nesting gullsbull The state and courts now mandate
raising the level of the lake 17 feet It
will take about 20 years
Hetch HetchyHetch HetchyS F i W
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 4991
San Francisco Water
bull Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park
damned Completed in 1931
bull 175 mile aqueduct and OrsquoShawnasy Dam powerhouseprovide cheap power to the city of San Francisco
bull 95 mile Mokelumne aqueduct starts at Pardee Dam andreservoir
bull Together they provide about 13 of Bay Area water
bull Controversy helped to strengthen John Muirrsquos SierraClub
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5091
The Salton SeaThe Salton Sea
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5191
wwwwesternlaworgfischer 7_6texthtml
bull Man-made by accident in 1905bull Irrigation in Imperial Valley had flooded an ancient
overflow channel of the Colorado River
bull Unusually heavy spring runoff and lack of controlgates caused a two-year flood into the Salton Sink
bull The Southern Pacific Railroad had to move its tracksfive times that season to higher ground
bull Eventually the SPRR took control and put the river
back but by then the Salton Sea was createdbull Hoover Dam now controls Colorado and prevents
delivery of sediment to Yuma and the delta
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5291
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5391
Colorado River AqueductColorado River Aqueduct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5491
q
bull Established 1928 to bring water to LA and rest of Southern California
bull First delivery in 1940 serves 15 million people
bull Lawsuit from Arizona (1953) finally began to be
implemented in 1985 - amount will decrease and
this amount will be replaced by State WaterProject water
bull Five pumping stationsbull Diversions for agriculture
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5591
The State Water ProjectThe State Water Project
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5691
The California AqueductThe California Aqueductbull Constructed beginning in the 1960s
bull About 12 for irrigation about 12 fordomestic use
bull Domestic use supply helps offset that lost to
Arizona in 1985 court casebull Includes the huge Oroville Dam on Feather
River in Sierra foothillsbull Pumps at Tracy lift water then it flows bygravity to the Tehachapi Mountains
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5791
Calif ornia Aqueduct
Dams and GlobalDams and Global
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5891
RiverRiverDegradationDegradation
Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser Aswan Dam Egypt Lake Nasser
Shasta Dam CAShasta Dam CA
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 5991
The Geography of Large DamsThe Geography of Large Dams
bull Over 39000 large dams by 1986
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6091
World ReservoirWorld Reservoir
InundationInundation
Area submerged
ndash size California
Upstream of DamsUpstream of Dams -- Negative ImpactNegative Impact
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6191
bull Environmentndash Loss of terrestrialriparian habitat and
species
ndash Creation of artificial lacustrine (lakes)
system
ndash exotic species introductions
ndash Reservoirstorage for contaminants
bull Cultural social
ndash Loss of cultural resourcesndash Displacement of families (villages
regions)
ndash Water quality hazard
bull Economicndash Shift in land use economy
ndash Water loss via evaporation
ndash Water loss via seepage
bull Aestheticndash landscape inundated
Upstream Impact of DamsUpstream Impact of Damsbull Built 1956-1966
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6291
u t 956 966
bull Aesthetics Glen Canyon Colorado River
DownstreamDownstream
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6391
Impacts of DamsImpacts of Damsbull Altered hydrology - no seasonality
bull Altered water qualitycharacterbull Modify nutrient cycling
bull Reduce sediment supply
bull Channel adjustments
bull Habitat modification
bull Species impactsbull River fragmentation
The lsquoDamrsquo BalanceThe lsquoDamrsquo BalanceS d l ( ll d )
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6491
bull Some dam removal (small dams) oroperational changes (larger dams)
bull Bruce Babbit (Secretary of the Interior)
oversaw the creative destruction of twoCalifornia dams in 2000ndash Saelzer Dam on Clear Creek near Redding for Salmon
ndash Matilija Dam in Southern California
bull Dams continue to be built until good sites
are gone or it is not economic to buildthem
bull Global numbers We do not know
Three Gorges DamThree Gorges Dambull Worlds largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6591
World s largest hydroelectric dam Three Gorges
Yangtze River
bull 12 - 19 million people will be displaced
bull The entire project is to be completed in 2009
Summary of California WaterSummary of California WaterSystemsSystems
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6691
Systemsy
bull Very complicated
bull Politically controversial - Owens Valley
Dams Habitat changes reduced flushing of
SF Bay Delta
bull California has the most advanced andexpensive water delivery system in the
worldbull Most of the water (about 80) is used by
agriculture essential to Californiarsquos huge
farm industryMichael D Lee PhD Geography and Environmental Studies
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6791
New Alaskan PipelineNew Alaskan Pipelinebull A coastal subsea pipeline has been proposed
ndash 2000 mile long from one or more rivers in Alaska to
Shasta lake where it would join present system
ndash $110 billion estimate in 1990ndash no leakage or loss due to evaporation from 14-foot
diameter pipeline
ndash 4 million acre-feet of water transported per year
ndash 36 million acre-feet of water needed per year in 2010
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6891
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndashndashGroundwater and SaltwaterGroundwater and Saltwaterndash Efficiency
ndash Too Much Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 6991
Tapping GroundwaterTapping Groundwaterbull About half of the drinking water in the
United States is pumped from aquifers
bull Roughly 40 of the water in streamsriver
is from groundwaterbull The number one removal of water from
aquifers is for irrigation for farming
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7091
Groundwater ProblemsGroundwater Problemsbull Aquifer depletion
ndash more water is removed than is naturally
refreshed
bull Aquifer subsidencendash land sinks due to withdrawal of groundwater
(Mexico City)
bull Intrusion of salt water into aquifers
bull Contamination from multiple sources
Groundwater DGroundwater Depletionepletionbull Aquifer Depletion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7191
q p
ndash 95 of water removed
from Ogallala Aquifer is
for irrigation and theremoval rate is greater than
the refreshing rate
ndash Saudi Arabia Chinanorthern Africa southern
Europe Middle East
Thailand India
wwwnpwdorgOgallalahtm
Aquifer SubsidenceAquifer Subsidence Well casing projecting fro
the ground (40 years)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7291
bull Mexico Cityrsquos aquifer has
shrunk enough that land hasdropped up to 75 m
httpwwwgeotimesorgjuly01sinking_titanic_cityhtml httpwwwscienceuwaterloocaearthwatonmexfig2html
Salt WaterSalt WaterIntrusionIntrusion
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7391
bull ldquoOne-third of the water
supply for coastal areas
of Greater Los Angeles
comes from local
ground-water sources
bull Saltwater haspenetrated a part of the
supply and a
significant part of theremaining supply is at
riskrdquobull US Geological Survey
Fact Sheet 030ndash02
DesalinationDesalination
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7491
bull Removal of salts from ocean waterndash distillation
bull first land-based desalination plant was established in 1928 in
the Netherlands
wwwoasorgusdepublications Unitoea59ech21htm
DesalinationDesalinationhttpurilatripodcom
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7591
bull Removal of saltsfrom ocean water
ndash reverse osmosis
using highpressure
bull The Santa
Barbara facility
began operation
in March 1992
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7691
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndashndashEfficiencyEfficiencyndash Too Much Water
Reducing Water WasteReducing Water Waste
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7791
bull Up 70 of water is lost through evaporationamp leaks
bull How to reduce water waste
ndash repair leaky pipescanals
ndash recyclingbull use of gray water (ie from shower) for irrigation etc
ndash water conservation
bull efficient toilets faucets amp shower heads ndash irrigation efficiency (only 40 reaches crops)
bull drip irrigation centralndashpivot computer monitoring
Types of BenefitsTypes of Benefits
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7891
ypyp
Possible benefits of canal replacement with
pipelinebull reduction in seepage losses
bull improvement of head and on-farm waterdelivery
bull better operation of distribution network
bull reduction in maintenance costs
Direct Potable Water ReuseDirect Potable Water Reuse
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 7991
TreatmentTreatment
WastewaterDrinking Water
Direct
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8091
Potable WaterReuse
bull Case Studies
ndash Windhoek Namibia
ndash Denver Colorado
bull Health concerns
bull Public perception
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibia
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8191
bull Population 220000
bull Severe water shortage
bull First and only city
using direct potablewater reuse (Since
1968)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8291
Windhoek NamibiaWindhoek Namibiabull 40 of water demand returned as
wastewater
bull 2000 m3 day of reclaimed water
bull Basic public acceptance
bull No significant epidemiological trends
ndash Data consistent with WHO health trends
Denver ColoradoDenver Colorado
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8391
bull Direct Potable Reuse demonstration project(1985-1992)
bull Drinking water influent is secondary treatedwastewater
bull Several barriers of treatment
ndash Standard Drinking Water Treatmentndash Carbon Adsorption
ndash Ultraviolet Irradiation
ndash Reverse OsmosisUltrafiltration
ndash Air Stripping
ndash Disinfection (ozonation and chlorination)
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8491
Denver ColoradoDenver Coloradobull High water quality (meets all EPA
standards)
bull No adverse health effects
ndash Tested on animalsndash Carcinogenic and reproductive tests
bull Public awareness and education programsndash Majority of acceptance if sufficient need exists
Specific Uses for Recycled Water
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8591
bull Subsurface drip irrigation
ndash Safer
bull Non-aerosolizing of water and
pathogens
ndash More prone to clogging
bull Requires more maintenance
ndash More efficientbull Less evaporative water loss
bull Feeds roots of plantsgrass
directly
bull Toilet flushing
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8691
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8791
bullbull WaterWaterndash Supply Renewal and Use
ndash Too little Waterndash Dams and Reservoirs
ndash Transferring water
ndash Groundwater and Saltwater
ndash Efficiency
ndashndashToo Much WaterToo Much Water
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
N l fl di i d i il b h i
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8891
bull Natural flooding is caused primarily by heavy rain orrapid melting snow
bull This causes water in a stream to overflow it normal
channel amp flood the adjacent area called a floodplain
bull Floodplains which include highly productive wetlands
help tomdashProvide natural flood amp erosion control
mdashMaintain high water quality
mdashRecharge groundwater
bull When the floodwater recede deposits of silt are leftbehind creating a nutrient-rich soil
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
P l h b ttli i fl d l i f l
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 8991
People have been settling in floodplains for severalreasons
1 Fertile soil
2 Sufficient water for irrigation3 Flat land suitable for agriculture
4 Use of nearby rivers for transportations
However each year floods (ldquonatural disastersrdquo) kill
thousands of people amp cause tens of billons of dollar inproperty damage Human activities have contributed to
the sharp rice in flood frequencies which dramatically
increased flood deaths amp damages
FloodingFlooding
H ti iti
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9091
Human activitiesthat increase
flooding
bull removing vegetationbulllogging
bullovergrazing
bullforest firesbullmining
bulldestruction of
wetlands
bullbuilding on
floodplainsbullurbanizationcopy BrooksCole Publishing Company ITP
Too Much Water FloodsToo Much Water Floods
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities
822019 Apes Chapt14 Notes
httpslidepdfcomreaderfullapes-chapt14-notes 9191
Natural phenomenaNatural phenomena
Floodplain
Levee Floodwall
Dam
Reservoir
Renew and replenishRenew and replenish
Aggravated byhuman activities
Aggravated byhuman activities