APES: Friday, August 7th

• Turn in Student Survey to In Box

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Start Unit 1 Notes!

▫ Graphing Practice

Science Review: Method, Matter,

Energy & Systems Chapter 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eTCZ9L834s

Crash Course: 5 Human Impacts on the Environment

Science = human effort to discover

how the world works

Scientific Method: p.34

1. Observation

2. Problem or Question

3. Research (lit review)

4. Hypothesis

5. Experimentation

6. Analyze Data

7. Conclusions

8. Publish

1. Observation

Observe a phenomenon of interest

Observations stem from

▫ First hand experience

▫ Examination of literature

▫ Discussion with other scientists

Example: Eating chicken soup seems to cure the common cold

2. Question

Question: why? how? about observation

▫ What characteristic of chicken soup makes it seem to cure a cold?

Hypothesis: possible explanation of observation or answer to question

= A predication about the relationships between the Independent and Dependent variables

▫ If the soup temperature is decreased, then the cold will not be “cured”

3. Research & 4. Hypothesis

Variables

1.Independent variable (IV) (aka manipulated variable)

It’s what you’testing The effect of ____IV_______....

Hypothesis: The heat from the soup “cures” the

cold. What is the Independent variable? Temperature of chicken soup

Variables cont.

2. Dependent variable (DV) = factor that responds to the changes in

Independent Variable (IV) It’s what you observe/measure Affected by the IV

Hypothesis: The heat from the soup “cures” the cold. What is the Dependent variable? Curing the cold/ “patient condition”

5. Experimentation

Tests the hypothesis by collecting data

• Constants: aspects of experiment that are kept same for entire experiment/ all groups Example: Brand of chicken soup Other examples?

• Why have constants?

▫ So you know that the changes in the Dependent Variable (YOUR RESULTS), are only due to the Independent Variable (YOUR MANIPULATION) and not some other factor

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Quiz on Friday, 8/14

▫ Unit 1 Test tentatively scheduled Thursday

8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Cont. Unit 1 Notes

• Need More Practice with Experimental Design????

6. Data Analysis & Presentation

• When run an experiment, you collect data

• Data analysis = calculations, statistics

• Need to present data 2 ways: ▫ Tables and graphs

• Allows for quick organization &

understanding of results

• Tables: ▫ Used during experiment for data

• 4 components: Name and Number (Table 1),

Title, Column headings/with units (minutes, cm, etc.), data

Table 1. How many drops of water can fit on a coin?

Trial1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average

Dime

Penny

Nickel

Quarter

Graphs DRY MIX

• Independent variable (IV) goes on X-axis

• Dependent variable (DV) goes on Y-axis

• Graphs always have: ▫ Name and number (Figure 1) ▫ Title caption (following Figure number) ▫ Axis labels with units ▫ Increments along graph must be proportional

Y axis

X axis

Graph Example

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1 2 3 4 5

Month

Am

ou

nt

of

rain

fall

(cm

)

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Figure 1. Amount of Rainfall (cm) at 3 Sites

Graph Example

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3

Perc

en

t seed

typ

e e

ate

n

A

B

C

Figure 2. Percent eaten of seed types A, B, C at 3 bird feeders

7.Conclusions & 8. Publish

• When you interpret & discuss results

▫ What does your data indicate?

▫ Do you accept or reject the hypothesis?

▫ How does it compare with past, related research

• Repeat & expand experiments

• Communicate results by publishing scientific articles in journals

TONIGHT • Join remind101 To receive the text message

reminders, you must text the message “@lyons-ap” to the number 81010. You can opt- out of messages at anytime by replying, 'unsubscribe @lyons-ap' To receive the email reminders, you must send a blank email to the address lyons-ap@mail.remind.com To unsubscribe, reply with 'unsubscribe' in the subject line.

• Finish Graphing practice #2 Math Prep Sheet

• Email me with concerns, questions, or comments

•

Monday August 10th

• Did you turn in your student survey?

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Pick up your name tent off the front table

▫ Rapid Assessment Math Prep # 14 & #20

▫ Get Textbooks

▫ Cont. Unit 1 Notes: Theory, Law, Hypothesis, Junk vs. Sound Science

▫ Questions?

Hypothesis, Theory, or Law (p.33-34)

Hypothesis: : unconfirmed explanation of observed phenomenon that can be tested by further research (ex: use of stem cells can cure spinal cord injuries)

Theory: hypothesis verified in so many experiments it is believed to be true by experts. (Theory of Evolution, Big Bang Theory)

“Best & most reliable knowledge we have about how nature works”

Law: Theories continuously supported over decades. Laws of science can’t be broken; happen same way every time. (Laws of Thermodynamics; Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion; Newton’s Laws, etc.)

• Science has limitations

▫ Hypotheses & theories have high probability of being true while not being absolute. Nothing is “proven” – always some uncertainty

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUpd2HJHUt8 TED Not all scientific studies are created equal - David H. Schwartz

▫ Environmental phenomena involve many interacting variables and complex interactions

▫ Scientific process is limited to the natural world (not ethical, philosophical or religious debate)

Important Features of the Scientific Process: p.33

Skepticism: reserve doubt for anything unconfirmed or unverified

Reproducibility: Data/results must be able to be reproduced by others. Once is never enough!!

Peer Review: Share methods, results, and conclusions to other experts in that field. After they review and respond then it is ready to be published in scientific journals.

Sound Science p. 36

Consensus science: widely accepted by experts.. also called sound science.

Multiple peer review leads to sound science – any flaws are found and theories are modified in the “frontier science” stage.

• Junk Science

Results or hypotheses that are portrayed as sound science, but are not well tested or peer reviewed

http://www.dhmo.org/

TONIGHT • Join remind101 To receive the text message

reminders, you must text the message “@lyons-ap” to the number 81010. You can opt- out of messages at anytime by replying, 'unsubscribe @lyons-ap' To receive the email reminders, you must send a blank email to the address lyons-ap@mail.remind.com To unsubscribe, reply with 'unsubscribe' in the subject line.

• Email me with concerns, questions, or comments

• Read Chapter 3

Practice Put in scientific notation or do calculations in scientific notation

1. one million

2. 100 billion

3. 75 trillion

4. One tenth of five thousand

5. 3 thousand divided by 2 hundred million

6. ___ centimeters (cm) = 245 kilometers (km)?

7. How many liters (l) in 37 milliliters (ml)?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWof6knvQwE

Math song/video

APES: Tuesday, August 11th

• Rapid Assessment #21-22 Math

Prep Packet

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Quiz on Friday, 8/14

▫ Unit 1 Test tentatively scheduled for Thursday 8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ FRQ example (handout)

APES: Wednesday, August 12th

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Quiz on Friday 8/14

▫ Unit 1 Test tentatively scheduled for Thursday 8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

• Finish FRQ

• Metric & Scientific notation practice (?)

• Unit 1 Notes Feedback loops, systems, models

Systems and Models p. 36

System: set of components that interact in a regular way

3 key components: Inputs (from the environment), throughputs, outputs

Feedback Loops- cycle

Positive feedback loop: causes a change in same direction

Negative feedback loop: causes a change in the opposite direction

Feedback Loops continued…

Example: The lynx eats the snowshoe hare resulting in the snowshoe hare population to go down, this reduces predation and the lynx population goes down, causing the snowshoe hare population to go back up.

http://ed.ted.com/lessons/feedback-loops-how-nature-gets-its-rhythms-anje-margriet-

neutel

Complex systems often show time delays, the delays allow a

problem to build up slowly until it reaches a tipping or threshold

and a fundamental shift occurs p.37

Systems and Models Models- simplified representation of a system

(mental, pictorial, mathematical)

Synergistic interaction/ Synergy: two or more processes interact and the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eTCZ9L834s

5 Human Impacts on the Environment: Crash Course Ecology #10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kdDSRRCKMiI

Pollution: Crash Course Ecology #11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kaeyr5-O2eU

Conservation and Restoration Ecology: Crash Course Ecology #12

APES: Thursday, August 13th

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Quiz on Friday, 8/15

▫ NOW Unit 1 Test scheduled for Friday, 8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Metrics & Math Lab

APES: Friday, August 14th

• Turn in/Finish- Metrics & Math Lab

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Test is Thursday, 8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Quiz

▫ Finish Math Lab

▫ Cont. Unit 1 Notes:

Matter & Energy Review

Important elements in APES: H, C, O, N, P, S, Cl, F, Br, Na, Ca, Pb, Hg, As, and U

CHEMISTRY REVIEW! p.38-44

Elements: distinctive building block

(1 or 2 letter symbol

Atoms = smallest unit of matter that

exhibits characteristics of that element

Atomic number: # of protons in

nucleus; defines element

*Neutral atoms have same number

of protons and electrons

Mass number: total # of p & n

Isotopes: forms of an element having the same

atomic number but different mass (# of n)

Example: H isotopes: H-1 (protium), H-2

(deuterium), Hn-3 (tritium)

Atomic Theory

Molecule: combination of 2+ atoms of the same or different elements held by chemical bonds

• Important molecules & compounds in APES: O2, N2, Cl2, H2O, nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen chloride (HCl), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), methane (CH4), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), glucose (C6H12O6)

• Ions: Atoms that lost or gained electrons & now have a charge

Important ions in APES: H+, Ca2+, NH4+ , NO3-, SO42-, PO43-

• Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

Organic

Hydrocarbons: molecules with H and C

(CH4 – methane)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons: H, Cl,

and C (C14H9Cl5 – DDT)

Simple carbohydrates: C, H, and O (C6H12O6 –

glucose)

Inorganic – no carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds

NaCl

H2O

HNO3

O3

H2S

CO

CO2

APES: Monday, August 18th

• Reminders:

▫ Unit 1 Test is Thursday, 8/20

• Today’s Schedule:

▫ Finish Unit 1 Notes (?)

Matter & Energy Review

• pH: concentration of

Hydrogen (H+) or Hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution

▫ Neutral = 7

▫ Acids: more H+ than OH-; ph < 7

▫ Bases: more OH-

than H+; ph > 7

• Matter Quality: how useful a form of matter is to us as a resource

High quality matter: useful, concentrated, near

surface of Earth, high potential for resource

Low quality matter: dilute, hard to find, low

potential

Example: aluminum ore is low quality while recycled aluminum cans is high

quality

Example: solid salt in a salt mine is high quality while the salt in the ocean is low

quality

• Law of Conservation of Matter: You cannot create nor destroy matter, it can only be changed

Matter Undergoes Physical, Chemical and Nuclear Changes

Physical change: no change in chemical composition

Example: water to ice to steam (H2O H2O H2O)

Chemical change: change in chemical composition (chemical reaction)

Example: burning coal: C + O2 CO2

Nuclear change (radioactive decay, fission, & fusion)

• Energy: capacity to do work or to transfer heat

p. 44-54

▫ Two main types:

Kinetic : energy of motion Electricity, wind

Heat

Electromagnetic radiation

Potential: stored energy Example: reservoir of water, chemical energy stored

in coal

• Energy Quality: measure of the capacity of a type

of energy to do useful work

High quality energy: great capacity to do useful work b/c it’s concentrated Example: high-temp heat, concentrated

sunlight, high-speed wind, burning fossil fuels

Low quality energy: too dispersed to do useful work

• First Law of Thermodynamics/ Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be transformed (changed from one form to another)

• Second Law of Thermodynamics

When energy changes form, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality, less useful energy usually heat radiated into environment/space

▫ Driving a car: 20-25% of chemical energy in fuel is converted to mechanical and electrical energy; rest is lost as heat

▫ Energy is lost as go up food chain through heat

Radioactive decay: when unstable isotopes spontaneously emit high-energy radiation (gamma rays), fast-moving particles (alpha or beta), or both

Nucleus throws off particles in order to become stable in a predictable manner for each element

Half-life: how long it takes for one half of the amount of material to turn into a different isotope (or time to reduce by ½)

Plutonium-239 has a half life of 24,000 years. How long must it be stored before it will be at a safe level?

10 half lives x 24,000 years = 240,000 yrs

NuclearChanges…

Half-life Examples:

Iodine-131 has a half life of 8 days. After 4 half-lives, what fraction of the sample is still radioactive?

1/2^4 = 1/16

List the fraction amounts for each half-life up to 10 half lives

1 – 1/2, 2 – 1/4, 3 – 1/8, 4 – 1/16, 5 – 1/32, 6 – 1/64,

7 – 1/128, 8 – 1/256, 9 – 1/512, 10 – 1/1024…

• Nuclear Fission: when large, unstable nucleus is split apart into lighter nuclei releases energy and neutrons.

• The neutrons will make other unstable nuclei split. This is a chain reaction.

Conventionally use Uranium in U.S. power plants

• Nuclear Fusion: when two light elements,

like hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temps until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus release tons of energy

Stars use this; you get A LOT more power from fusion than fission

Hydrogen bomb: combination of hydrogen into helium

D-T fusion is deuterium (H-2) with tritium (H-3) to make Helium and one neutron (used in thermonuclear weapons)

Hydrogen-3

(tritium nucleus)

100

million °C

Reaction

conditions

Energy

Products

Neutron

Nuclear fusion

Fuel

Hydrogen-2

(deuterium nucleus)

Helium-4 nucleus Proton