APEIS-IEM in Asia-Pacific Region
IEM Sub-project• National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan• Chinese Academy of Sciences, China• Ministry of Water Resources, China• Singapore University, Singapore• CSIRO Earth Observation Center, Australia
Degradation and Disaster Detection
Proposals for SD• Soil erosion protection• Water quality improvement• Organic matter cycle • Land use plan, etc.
GISGround observationsystem
Agri. / ForestProduction
Satellite monitor ingnetwork
Water/Organic matter/Carbon/Nitrogen Cycle
Integrated Environmental Monitor ing (IEM)
Integrated Management Model
Land Use Policy- Cultivated land to grass,
forest or wet land
Global Warming Strategy- CO2 emission reduce
Agr i. Production Policy-Irrigation rate increase
-Plant system improvement
- Opt. economic development- Mini. pressures to environment
Research Framework of APEIS-IEM
Case Study Area ‐Yangtze/Yellow River ‐Mekong River‐Mongolia Grassland ‐etc.
Progresses in FY2004
• Validation of MODIS derived indices of environmental changes, such as Land Surface Temperature (MOD11), Land Cover (MOD12), Land Surface Water Deficit Index (MOD16), Leaf Area Index (MOD15) and Vegetation Net Primary Production (NPP)
• Ecosystem Services, such as agricultural water use, carbon flux and nitrogen budget have been simulated by modified ecosystem models.
• Asia-Pacific Environmental Innovation Strategy (APEIS) 3rd Integrated Environmental Monitoring (IEM) Workshop was hold on 9 - 11 December 2004, Singapore
New Approach for Land Cover Classification (MOD12)
(International J. of Remote Sensing, 2005)
Land Use/Cover Changes by MODIS
Monitoring of Flooded Area and Water-Volumein Large Lake
Wat
er V
olum
e(×
108 m
3 )Month
A case study of Tongting Lake, 2002(Geographica Sinica, 59 (1): 88-94)
Dongting Lake
ShanghaiWuhan
Changqing
Evaluation of Vulnerable Land Based on GIS & Remote Sensing Data
WDI < 0.25
Slope >20 °
Water body, Urban area Protected forest etc.
Temp. restrictions
Water restrictions
yes
noyes
no yes
no
yes
no
≧10 ℃ Accumulated Temperature <1000 ℃
Landform restrictions
Land use restriction
Suitable Land
Soil Types Suitable for Cultivation
Soil restrictionsyes
no
(Wang, 2002, JGEE, Vol.8, pp. 67-78)
N budget change in Changjiangriver basin from 1980 to 1990
Change in N transport to water bodies from 1980 to 1990
1980
1990 Future2000
Nitrogen Budget in Agricultural Area of Changjiang River Basin(Submitted to Science of the Total Environment)
Crop Animal Human
CultivatedLand
Input:?Output:?
Budget:?
ChemicalFertilizer
Fertilizer
Rain
Discharge toAtmosphere /Water / Soil
Import
Export
Irrigation
N Fixation
EnvironmentVulnerability
Environ.CarryingCapacity
Land Use Change
Grid level Catchment levelCounty level
1980
1992
change during 1980-1992
N in harvested crops
N in applied chemical fertilizer
1980
1992
change during 1980-1992
Fertilizer efficiency
1980
1992
change during 1980-1992
-1000
100200300400500600700800
Rn (W
m-2)
-100.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
H (W
m-2)
-100.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
LE
(Wm-2
)
-100.0
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
G (
Wm-2
)
-60.0
-40.0
-20.0
0.0
20.0
40.0
25-M
ar
1-A
pr
9-A
pr
16-A
pr
24-A
pr
1-M
ay
9-M
ay
16-M
ay
24-M
ay
31-M
ay
8-Ju
n
15-J
un
23-J
un
30-J
un
8-Ju
l
15-J
ul
23-J
ul
30-J
ul
7-Au
g
14-A
ug
22-A
ug
29-A
ug
6-Se
p
13-S
ep
21-S
ep
28-S
ep
6-O
ct
13-O
ct
21-O
ct
CO2 (
umol
m-2)
Meteorological Data
Soil Data
1.Respiration2.Temperature3.Water content4.SOM
Field LAI
DEM
Water, Heat and CO2 Fluxes, NPP, Crop Yield
APEIS-MODISNetwork
NDVI
APIES-FLUX Network
Remote-sensingmodels
Meteorological models1. Radiation transfer 2. Energy balance3. Eddy covariance4. Vapor pressure deficit
C,N-Cycle sub-model(Biome-BGC)
Land-surface Process sub-model(SiB2)
Planting, Harvesting, Irrigation, Fertilizer Application, Residue Placement
Crop-growth sub-model (DSSAT)
0 2 4 6 8 10
LAI
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
NDVI
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
LST,℃
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
FPAR
Ecosystem Model
Agriculture Ecosystem: Wheat(Agri. & Forest Meteor., 2005)
GPP(0.645)
Rm(0.062)
Rh(0.115)
NPP(0.449)
NEP(0.334)
Rg(0.135)
(kg C/m2/gr)
GPP(0.959)
Rm(0.127)
Rh(0.255)
NPP(0.640)
NEP(0.385)
Agriculture Ecosystem: Corn(Agri. & Forest Meteor., 2005)
Carbon Budget during Corn Growth (Yucheng Site in 2003)
00.20.40.60.8
1
NPP NEP GPP Rm Rg Rh
(kg
C m
-2)
DisturbedUndisturbed
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.00
8-Ju
l
16-J
ul
24-J
ul
1-A
ug
9-A
ug
17-A
ug
25-A
ug
2-Se
p
10-S
ep
18-S
ep
26-S
ep
4-O
ct
ET (
mm
)
ET_obs ET_simu
ET_simu=1.0231ET_obs-0.001R2 =0.7632
-0.004
0.000
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
8-Ju
l
16-J
ul
24-J
ul
1-A
ug
9-A
ug
17-A
ug
25-A
ug
2-Se
p
10-S
ep
18-S
ep
26-S
ep
4-O
ct
NEE
(kgC
/m2 /d
)
NEE_obs NEE_simu
NEE_simu= 1.0588NEE_obs+ 0.001R2 =0.7431
0123456
8-Ju
l
16-J
ul
24-J
ul
1-A
ug
9-A
ug
17-A
ug
25-A
ug
2-Se
p
10-S
ep
18-S
ep
26-S
ep
4-O
ct
LAI
(m2 /m
2 )
LAI_simu LAI_obs
Rg(0.192)
PREDICTED MEASUREDYIELD (kg/ha) 7821 8002BIOMASS (kg/ha) 15954 15582
(kg C/m2/gr)