Anatomy & Physiology
Mrs. Brondel
A & P Knowledge of animal anatomy and
physiology is helpful if one is to be successful in the feeding and care of domesticated animals
Why?
Cells and Tissue All organisms are built from cells.
As cells divide and grow they differentiate into tissues Muscle Connective Tissue Nerves Epithelial (skin) Fluid
Cells & Tissue cont. These tissues are then grouped
together to form organs that perform complex functions in the body
A group of organs that carry out major functions are called systems
Systems of the Body Skeletal Muscle Respiratory Circulatory Nervous Urinary Digestive
Skeletal System Composed of bones, cartilage,
teeth, and joints Cartilage is a tough connective
tissue that is flexible and elastic Name some areas where cartilage
can be found in your body Trachea, nose, larynx, external ear,
between bones of the vertebrae in the form of discs
Skeletal System cont. Bones are comprised of calcium
compounds and a gelatin like protein
Bones are living structures containing blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers
Bones grow and repair themselves if damaged
Skeletal System cont. Some bones are hollow allowing
for flight birds
Nutrients must be supplied to the bones to remain healthy. Drink your milk
Functions of the Skeletal System
Main function is to provide form, protection, support, and strength for the body
With the muscles attached, the bones act as levers permitting the animal to move
Types of Skeletal Systems Rigid--able to move because of
muscles Endoskeleton-skeleton on the inside of the
body (cows, pigs, etc.) Exoskeleton--skeleton on the outside of
the body (insects, crustaceans) Hydraulic--achieve movement by the
application of force to a fluid confined in a small space and surrounded by muscle tissue. Ex: Octopus and Starfish
Cow Skeletal System
http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agmania/interactive/index.htm
Muscle System There are three types of muscle
found in the body based on structure, location, and method of control Skeletal Smooth Cardiac
Skeletal Muscle Much of the flesh referred to as
meat is composed of skeletal muscle
Exist in bundles enclosed in connective tissue
Skeletal muscle is usually attached to the skeleton by tendons
Smooth Muscle Muscles that surround the hollow
internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach, intestines, and bladder
These muscles are not under conscious control of the mind
Cardiac Muscle Found only in the muscular wall of
the heart Essential to the circulation of the
blood
Respiratory System Process in which oxygen is taken
into the body and carbon dioxide leaves
Structures: nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Air is drawn into the system through the nostrils then warmed, moistened, and filtered in the nasal cavity. The pharynx is where the air and food passages cross. Air passes through the larynx which vibrate producing sound. The trachea is a tube that leads to the bronchi. The bronchi are two tubes leading to the lungs. The bronchioles are subdivisions of the bronchi. Finally, the alveoli is where the gas exchange occurs. Oxygen breathed in and Carbon Dioxide is flushed out of the system.
Your Assignment Bring items from home for
tomorrow to build your own respiratory system
Circulatory System The heart, arteries, capillaries, and
veins make up the major parts of the circulatory system
Heart organ that pumps blood through
the system Four chambers in mammals The rhythmic cycle of contraction
and relaxation forces the blood to move
Arteries and Capillaries Arteries are constructed in three
layers of tissue: outer, middle, and inner
The arteries are elastic enough to smooth out the pulsation of blood pumping, which helps maintain a steady blood flow
Arteries branch into arterioles and then branch into capillaries
Arteries and Capillaries Capillaries allow the proper
exchange of nutrients Capillary walls permit the
exchange of oxygen and nutrients to the blood and body tissues
All body tissues contain capillary walls except hair, cartilage, hooves, horns, nails, part of the teeth, and the cornea of the eye
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
The capillaries begin to come together again in the tissues , forming small veins
The walls of veins are thinner than that of arteries
Therefore, veins have a greater capacity than arteries
Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
The rate of blood flow in the arteries also vary with the heart contractions
The pressure is highest (Systolic pressure) when the heart contracts and is lowest (Diastolic pressure) when the heart relaxes
Blood pressure is necessary to move blood through the body
Blood and its Functions Transport nutrients from digestive
system Transport oxygen from the lungs to
the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs
Transport waste products Help regulate body temps Transport hormones as needed
Blood and its Functions Clot to reduce blood loss when
injuries occur Maintain the electrolyte balance
and pH level Help protect the body from disease
organisms
Nervous System Transmits information to and from the
various parts of the body Two major parts: central and
peripheral The central nervous system is located
in the skull and vertebral column and the master control system for the entire body
Consists of the Brain and the spinal cord
Nervous System The peripheral system radiates
from the central system to all other parts of the body
The nerve fibers carry information to the central nervous system where it is analyzed and appropriate responses are transmitted to the body
Urinary System The major components are the
kidneys, urethra, and the bladder Blood passes through the kidneys and
waste and some water is filtered out The liquid is then passed to the
bladder where it is stored until it’s full Then the liquid is voided from the
body through the urethra
Digestive System Knowledge of the digestive systems
aides in selecting proper feeds Digestion is the breaking down of
feed into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body
Species, age, breed, and size of animals affect the capacity of the animals digestive system
Digestive System Ruminants can digest large
quantities of roughages such as hay and pasture due to the bacteria present. These bacteria produce proteins and Vitamins B & K
Non-ruminants need a high energy, low fiber ration such as grains
Digestive System
Digestive System
“The Process” The food enters the mouth and travels
down the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach receives the feed and adds chemicals to aid in the process. The food then enters the small intestine then the large intestine. From the large intestine the food then travels to the rectum. Undigested food exits the body through the anus.
Summary All organisms are built from what? What are the seven systems of the
body? What is the skeletal system made
up of? Name an animal with hollow bones? What is the main function of the
skeletal system?
Summary Do cattle have an endoskeleton or
exoskeleton? What are the three types of muscle
found in the body? What system has a process in
which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide leaves?
Summary Name the three components that
make up the circulatory system. Name some functions of blood? What system transports information
to and from various parts of the body?
Name the components to the urinary system?
Summary What is digestion? Why can ruminants digest more
than a monogastric animal? Describe the process of digestion.
Summary