Anatomy & Physiology

Mrs. Brondel

A & P Knowledge of animal anatomy and

physiology is helpful if one is to be successful in the feeding and care of domesticated animals

Why?

Cells and Tissue All organisms are built from cells.

As cells divide and grow they differentiate into tissues Muscle Connective Tissue Nerves Epithelial (skin) Fluid

Cells & Tissue cont. These tissues are then grouped

together to form organs that perform complex functions in the body

A group of organs that carry out major functions are called systems

Systems of the Body Skeletal Muscle Respiratory Circulatory Nervous Urinary Digestive

Skeletal System Composed of bones, cartilage,

teeth, and joints Cartilage is a tough connective

tissue that is flexible and elastic Name some areas where cartilage

can be found in your body Trachea, nose, larynx, external ear,

between bones of the vertebrae in the form of discs

Skeletal System cont. Bones are comprised of calcium

compounds and a gelatin like protein

Bones are living structures containing blood and lymph vessels and nerve fibers

Bones grow and repair themselves if damaged

Skeletal System cont. Some bones are hollow allowing

for flight birds

Nutrients must be supplied to the bones to remain healthy. Drink your milk

Functions of the Skeletal System

Main function is to provide form, protection, support, and strength for the body

With the muscles attached, the bones act as levers permitting the animal to move

Types of Skeletal Systems Rigid--able to move because of

muscles Endoskeleton-skeleton on the inside of the

body (cows, pigs, etc.) Exoskeleton--skeleton on the outside of

the body (insects, crustaceans) Hydraulic--achieve movement by the

application of force to a fluid confined in a small space and surrounded by muscle tissue. Ex: Octopus and Starfish

Cow Skeletal System

http://www.ca.uky.edu/agripedia/agmania/interactive/index.htm

Muscle System There are three types of muscle

found in the body based on structure, location, and method of control Skeletal Smooth Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle Much of the flesh referred to as

meat is composed of skeletal muscle

Exist in bundles enclosed in connective tissue

Skeletal muscle is usually attached to the skeleton by tendons

Smooth Muscle Muscles that surround the hollow

internal organs such as blood vessels, stomach, intestines, and bladder

These muscles are not under conscious control of the mind

Cardiac Muscle Found only in the muscular wall of

the heart Essential to the circulation of the

blood

Respiratory System Process in which oxygen is taken

into the body and carbon dioxide leaves

Structures: nostrils, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

Air is drawn into the system through the nostrils then warmed, moistened, and filtered in the nasal cavity. The pharynx is where the air and food passages cross. Air passes through the larynx which vibrate producing sound. The trachea is a tube that leads to the bronchi. The bronchi are two tubes leading to the lungs. The bronchioles are subdivisions of the bronchi. Finally, the alveoli is where the gas exchange occurs. Oxygen breathed in and Carbon Dioxide is flushed out of the system.

Your Assignment Bring items from home for

tomorrow to build your own respiratory system

Circulatory System The heart, arteries, capillaries, and

veins make up the major parts of the circulatory system

Heart organ that pumps blood through

the system Four chambers in mammals The rhythmic cycle of contraction

and relaxation forces the blood to move

Arteries and Capillaries Arteries are constructed in three

layers of tissue: outer, middle, and inner

The arteries are elastic enough to smooth out the pulsation of blood pumping, which helps maintain a steady blood flow

Arteries branch into arterioles and then branch into capillaries

Arteries and Capillaries Capillaries allow the proper

exchange of nutrients Capillary walls permit the

exchange of oxygen and nutrients to the blood and body tissues

All body tissues contain capillary walls except hair, cartilage, hooves, horns, nails, part of the teeth, and the cornea of the eye

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

The capillaries begin to come together again in the tissues , forming small veins

The walls of veins are thinner than that of arteries

Therefore, veins have a greater capacity than arteries

Arteries, Capillaries and Veins

The rate of blood flow in the arteries also vary with the heart contractions

The pressure is highest (Systolic pressure) when the heart contracts and is lowest (Diastolic pressure) when the heart relaxes

Blood pressure is necessary to move blood through the body

Blood and its Functions Transport nutrients from digestive

system Transport oxygen from the lungs to

the tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs

Transport waste products Help regulate body temps Transport hormones as needed

Blood and its Functions Clot to reduce blood loss when

injuries occur Maintain the electrolyte balance

and pH level Help protect the body from disease

organisms

Nervous System Transmits information to and from the

various parts of the body Two major parts: central and

peripheral The central nervous system is located

in the skull and vertebral column and the master control system for the entire body

Consists of the Brain and the spinal cord

Nervous System The peripheral system radiates

from the central system to all other parts of the body

The nerve fibers carry information to the central nervous system where it is analyzed and appropriate responses are transmitted to the body

Urinary System The major components are the

kidneys, urethra, and the bladder Blood passes through the kidneys and

waste and some water is filtered out The liquid is then passed to the

bladder where it is stored until it’s full Then the liquid is voided from the

body through the urethra

Digestive System Knowledge of the digestive systems

aides in selecting proper feeds Digestion is the breaking down of

feed into simple substances that can be absorbed by the body

Species, age, breed, and size of animals affect the capacity of the animals digestive system

Digestive System Ruminants can digest large

quantities of roughages such as hay and pasture due to the bacteria present. These bacteria produce proteins and Vitamins B & K

Non-ruminants need a high energy, low fiber ration such as grains

Digestive System

Digestive System

“The Process” The food enters the mouth and travels

down the esophagus into the stomach. The stomach receives the feed and adds chemicals to aid in the process. The food then enters the small intestine then the large intestine. From the large intestine the food then travels to the rectum. Undigested food exits the body through the anus.

Summary All organisms are built from what? What are the seven systems of the

body? What is the skeletal system made

up of? Name an animal with hollow bones? What is the main function of the

skeletal system?

Summary Do cattle have an endoskeleton or

exoskeleton? What are the three types of muscle

found in the body? What system has a process in

which oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide leaves?

Summary Name the three components that

make up the circulatory system. Name some functions of blood? What system transports information

to and from various parts of the body?

Name the components to the urinary system?

Summary What is digestion? Why can ruminants digest more

than a monogastric animal? Describe the process of digestion.

Summary