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Anatomy and Physiology
Chapter 7
The Nervous System
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Anatomy of the Brain
Central Nervous System (CNS)
CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube
The Neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord
Regions of the Brain
Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Paired left and right superior parts of the brain
The surface is made of gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves)
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Anatomy of the Brain Continue
Lobes of the Cerebrum
Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe
Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum
Primary somatic sensory area
Primary motor area
Brocas area involved in our ability to speak Layers of the Cerebrum
Gray matter is the outer layer composed mostly of neuron cell bodies
White matter is myelinated fiber tracts inside the gray matter
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Anatomy of the Brain Continue
Diencephalon
Sits in the center of the brain enclosed by the cerebral
hemispheres
Three parts:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Sits under the thalamus Epithalamus
Forms the roof of the third ventricle
Houses the pineal body (endocrine gland)
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Brain Stem
Brain Stem
Parts of the brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata Pons
The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts
Cerebellum
Two hemispheres with complex surfaces (cauliflower)
Located under occipital lobe of cerebrum Provides involuntary coordination of body movements (balance and
equilibrium)
Ataxia is a condition of clumsy, disorganized movements caused by damage to
the cerebellum
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Protection of the CNS
Protection of the Central Nervous System
Scalp and skin
Bone (Skull and vertebral column)
Membranes (Meninges) Watery Cushion (Cerebrospinal fluid)
Blood brain barrier
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Hydrocephalus is swelling of the brain due to a blockage ofCSF
Meningitis, an inflammation of the meninges, is a serious threat
to the brain.
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Brain Dysfunctions
Traumatic Brain Injuries
Concussion
Slight brain injury and no permanent brain damage
Dizziness
Seeing Stars
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Stroke
Occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted
Loss of some functions or death may result
Alzheimers Disease Progressive degenerative brain disease affecting 5-15% of people over the age
of 65
Victims experience memory loss, bad temper, confusion and ultimately,
hallucinations and death
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Brain Dysfunctions
Parkinsons Disease
Caused by degeneration of basal nuclei (located in the white
matter of the cerebral hemispheres)
A resting quake, forward-bent walking posture, and stiff facial
expression
Huntingtons Disease
Massive degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Not all strokes are completed.
Temporary brain ischemia, or restriction of blood flow.
Lasts 5 to 50 minutes.