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Anatomy and Physiology

Chapter 7

The Nervous System

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Anatomy of the Brain

Central Nervous System (CNS)

CNS develops from the embryonic neural tube

The Neural tube becomes the brain and spinal cord

Regions of the Brain

Cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon

Brain stem

Cerebellum

Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

Paired left and right superior parts of the brain

The surface is made of gyri (ridges) and sulci (grooves)

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Anatomy of the Brain Continue

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Fissures (deep grooves) divide the cerebrum into lobes

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum

Primary somatic sensory area

Primary motor area

Brocas area involved in our ability to speak Layers of the Cerebrum

Gray matter is the outer layer composed mostly of neuron cell bodies

White matter is myelinated fiber tracts inside the gray matter

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Anatomy of the Brain Continue

Diencephalon

Sits in the center of the brain enclosed by the cerebral

hemispheres

Three parts:

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Sits under the thalamus Epithalamus

Forms the roof of the third ventricle

Houses the pineal body (endocrine gland)

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Brain Stem

Brain Stem

Parts of the brain stem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata Pons

The bulging center part of the brain stem mostly composed of fiber tracts

Cerebellum

Two hemispheres with complex surfaces (cauliflower)

Located under occipital lobe of cerebrum Provides involuntary coordination of body movements (balance and

equilibrium)

Ataxia is a condition of clumsy, disorganized movements caused by damage to

the cerebellum

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Protection of the CNS

Protection of the Central Nervous System

Scalp and skin

Bone (Skull and vertebral column)

Membranes (Meninges) Watery Cushion (Cerebrospinal fluid)

Blood brain barrier

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Hydrocephalus is swelling of the brain due to a blockage ofCSF

Meningitis, an inflammation of the meninges, is a serious threat

to the brain.

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Brain Dysfunctions

Traumatic Brain Injuries

Concussion

Slight brain injury and no permanent brain damage

Dizziness

Seeing Stars

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

Stroke

Occurs when blood flow to the brain is disrupted

Loss of some functions or death may result

Alzheimers Disease Progressive degenerative brain disease affecting 5-15% of people over the age

of 65

Victims experience memory loss, bad temper, confusion and ultimately,

hallucinations and death

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Brain Dysfunctions

Parkinsons Disease

Caused by degeneration of basal nuclei (located in the white

matter of the cerebral hemispheres)

A resting quake, forward-bent walking posture, and stiff facial

expression

Huntingtons Disease

Massive degeneration of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

Not all strokes are completed.

Temporary brain ischemia, or restriction of blood flow.

Lasts 5 to 50 minutes.