Aerosol and chemical transport in tropical
convection
ACTIVEGeraint Vaughan
University of Manchester, UK
on behalf of the ACTIVE team
The Consortium
• University of Manchester• University of Cambridge• University of York, UK• York University, Canada• DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany• FZ Julich, Germany• NCAR, Boulder, USA• Australian Bureau of Meteorology• Airborne Research Australia• NERC Airborne Research Facility
Scientific problems
• How does air get to the Tropical tropopause layer (TTL)? By large-scale transport or by rapid convective uplift? What is the partitioning between these sources?
• How much, and what kind of aerosol, reaches the TTL in deep convection?
• How does this aerosol affect the development of cirrus clouds in the TTL?
Objectives Relate measurements of aerosols and
chemicals in the TTL to low-level sources. Determine how deep convection modifies
the aerosol population reaching the TTL, and thus evaluate its impact on cirrus nucleation.
Determine the relative contribution of convection and large-scale transport to the composition of the TTL over Darwin.
Compare the effects of monsoon and pre-monsoon convection on the composition of the TTL.
Determine the contribution of deep convection to the NOx and O3 budget in the TTL
Measure how much black carbon reaches the outflow regions of the storms.
Field campaign in Darwin
Graphic courtesy of TWP-
ICE
Airborne measurements for ACTIVE
ARA Egrett, 10 - 15 km
NERC Dornier
0-5 km
Ozonesondes (profiles)
Egrett payloadBasic Meteorology and position Pressure, temperature, wind (1 Hz), GPS
DMT Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP-2) † Aerosol particle size distribution (0.2 – 1.0 µm), light absorbing fraction (LAP), carbon mass, metal
2 x TSI-3010 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) Total condensation particles > 40 nm & > 80 nm
DMT Cloud, Aerosol & Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS)
Cloud Droplet psd, aerosol/small particle assymetry, aerosol refractive index,large ice psd, (0.3<Dp<3,200 µm), Total Liquid Water Content
DMT Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) Particle Size Distribution (2< Dp<60 µm)
SPEC Cloud Particle Imager CPI-230 Cloud particle/ice CCD images, (30 < Dp< 2,300 µm)
Buck Research CR-2 frost point hygrometer Temperature, dew/ice point, 20 s, 0.1
2X Tunable diode laser Hygrometer (SpectraSensors) Water vapour, 2 Hz, 0.005 ppmv precision
Julich CO analyser High precision (± 2 ppb), fast response (10 Hz) CO
Cambridge Miniature Gas-Chromatograph Halocarbons (Cl, Br, I), 3-6 min, 5%
TE-49C UV Ozone sensor Ozone concentration (± 1 ppbv, 10 seconds)
Adsorbent tube carbon trap C4-C9 aliphatics, acetone, monoterpenes
NO and NO2 chemiluminescent detector † 200 ppt @ 10 Hz; 30 ppt @ 4 s integration
† alternates Aerosol
Humidity Cloud Physics
Chemistry Met/Position
Dornier payloadBasic meteorology Aventech probe ARSF/Manchester
Position/Timing GPS ARSF
Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Aerosol compositionn, 30 – 2000 nm
Manchester
Condensation particle counter
Aerosol concentration > 10 nm Manchester
Grimm Optical Particle Counter
Aerosol size distribution, 0.5 – 20 μm
Manchester
Ultra high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer
Aerosol size distribution 50 nm – 2 µm
Manchester
Aerosol spectrometer probe Aerosol size distn, 0.1 – 1 µm Manchester
FSSP Aerosol, size ( 2- 47 µm) Manchester
Filters Coarse aerosol composition Manchester
Ozone UV absorption, 2B York
CO AL5003 York
VOC Adsorbent tubes York
NO/NOx Chemiluminescence/catalysis York
Halocarbons DIRAC gas chromatograph Cambridge
Black Carbon PSAP DLR
Aerosol Chemistry Met/Position
Experiment Plan: two campaigns
7 Nov- 10 Dec 2005 concentrating on HECTOR.
With SCOUT-O3: European campaign to study TTL and TLS using DLR Falcon and Russian Geophysika.
16 Jan-17 Feb 2006 concentrating on monsoon and continental convection.
With TWP-ICE: US/Australian campaign to study cirrus clouds and convection using multiple aircraft and ground-based instruments
Campaign 1
13 ED 14 15 ED 16ED GF
17 18 19 D GF
20 21 22 23 D GF
24 D 25 26
27 E 28 D F
29 GF
30EDGF(2)
1 ED 2 3 E
4 ED 5 ED GF
6 E 7 8 E 9 E 10 E
Test Survey Hector Mixed survey/Hector
Nov
Dec
Single-cellular Hector
Multi-cellular Hector
Mini-monsoon
Campaign 2Jan 16 17 18 19 D 20ED 21
22ED T
23 E T
24 25 ED PT
26 D 27 ED PT
28
29 30 D 31 E 1 ED 2 D 3 ED 4
5 6 ED PT
7 8 ED T
9 D T
10ED PT
11
12 EDPT
13 E 14 ED 15 E 16 17 Feb
Test Survey Hector Monsoon Aged anvil Lidar
Single-cellular Hector
Multi-cellular Hector
Westerly Monsoon
Monsoon trough Inactive Monsoon
Evolution of Egrett CO profiles during ACTIVE
Data from A. Volz-Thomas and W. Pätz
16 Nov 2005
Satellite data from BoM, aircraft tracks by G. Allen
15.45
17:00
Cloud particles: CAPSCloud imaging probe: large
particles
Cloud and aerosol spectrometer: small
particles
Data: A. Heymsfield and A. Bansamer
Cloud Particle Imager
Data: P. Connolly
Dornier CO and aerosol, 16/11/05
Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly
Dornier CO and aerosol, 8/2/05
Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly
“Chemical Equator” flight 3/2/06
CO in ppbv, Aerosol > 300 nm in
cm-3
Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly
Summary
• Around 30 flights with each aircraft in and around tropical convection
• Inflow conditions change from polluted early in November (smoke from biomass burning) to very clean in Jan/Feb
• Hectors observed in polluted and clean regine
• Monsoon convection observed in the second half of January
The Consortium
University of Manchester: Geraint Vaughan (PI), Tom Choularton, Hugh CoeMartin Gallagher, Keith
BowerUniversity of Cambridge: John Pyle, Neil Harris,
Peter Haynes, Rod JonesUniversity of York (UK): Ally Lewis
York University (Toronto): Jim WhitewayDLR (Germany): Reinhold BusenFZ Julich, Germany: Andreas Volz-ThomasNCAR, Boulder: Andy Heymsfield Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Peter MayAirborne Research Australia: Jörg Hacker
Summary of flights
7
1
3
2
Hector
Survey
Test
Cirrus
5
41
3
2
Hector
Survey
Test
Cirrus
Monsoon
73
2
ConvectionSurveyTest
Campaign 1 Campaign 2
Egrett
Dornier
7
7
1
ConvectionSurveyTest
O3sondes: 23 8
13 15
12 15
Summary
• 7 Egrett Hector flights (3 NOX, 4 aerosol)
• 2 Egrett cirrus flights (1 NOx, 1 aerosol)
• 1 Egrett survey (aerosol)• 3 Egrett test flights• 7 Dornier convection
flights• 3 Dornier survey flights• Intercomparison leg• 2 Dornier test flights• 23 ozonesondes
• 2 Monsoon anvil flights (1 NOx, 1 aerosol)
• 5 Egrett Hector flights (2 NOX, 3 aerosol)
• 3 Egrett cirrus flights (1 NOx, 2 aerosol)
• 4 Egrett survey (1 aerosol, 2 lidar, 1 transit)
• 1 Egrett calibration flight• 7 Dornier convection
flights• 7 Dornier survey flights• Intercomparison flight• 1 Dornier test flights• 8 ozonesondes
Campaign 1 Campaign 2
Aircraft –ACTIVE, TWP-ICE, SCOUT-O3
DLR Falcon: in-situ, remote sensing
M-55 Geophysica : In situ microphysics, chemistry
NERC Dornier: in-situ, aerosol, chemistry,
21 km
15 km
15 km
11 km
9 km
5 km
3 km
Max ht
ARA Egrett: In-situ microphysics, aerosol, chemistry
NASA/DOE Proteus:Remote sensing, in-situ
King Air: Upward-looking radar and lidar
ARA Dimona: Fluxes, BL structure
Modelling planIn
Situ
measu
rem
ents
CRM
EMM
MAC
TOMCAT
TRAJ
Radar reflectivity
Low-level aircraft
Tracer fields(e.g. CO)
Cloud microphysics
CloCloud microphysicsAerosol
Active gases (O3, NOx)
Large-scale fields
Large-scale fields (fine structure)
Comparison with data
Input
Output
Modelling
Large scale modelling:p-TOMCAT 3D CTM with detailed chemistry run at, say, 0.5x0.5Air parcel trajectory model
Transport into/out of TTLLarge scale structure of TTLRole of lightning NOx on TTL ozone
Modelling individual storms:MetOffice CRM + UMIST physics (EMM)
physicsof anvils for comparison with dataFluxes of particles, tracers thro’ clouds
Microphysics, Aerosols & Chemistry (MAC)More explicit size-resolved aerosolNOx production in lightning