Aerosol and chemical transport in tropical

convection

ACTIVEGeraint Vaughan

University of Manchester, UK

on behalf of the ACTIVE team

The Consortium

• University of Manchester• University of Cambridge• University of York, UK• York University, Canada• DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany• FZ Julich, Germany• NCAR, Boulder, USA• Australian Bureau of Meteorology• Airborne Research Australia• NERC Airborne Research Facility

Scientific problems

• How does air get to the Tropical tropopause layer (TTL)? By large-scale transport or by rapid convective uplift? What is the partitioning between these sources?

• How much, and what kind of aerosol, reaches the TTL in deep convection?

• How does this aerosol affect the development of cirrus clouds in the TTL?

Objectives Relate measurements of aerosols and

chemicals in the TTL to low-level sources. Determine how deep convection modifies

the aerosol population reaching the TTL, and thus evaluate its impact on cirrus nucleation.

Determine the relative contribution of convection and large-scale transport to the composition of the TTL over Darwin.

Compare the effects of monsoon and pre-monsoon convection on the composition of the TTL.

Determine the contribution of deep convection to the NOx and O3 budget in the TTL

Measure how much black carbon reaches the outflow regions of the storms.

Field campaign in Darwin

Graphic courtesy of TWP-

ICE

Airborne measurements for ACTIVE

ARA Egrett, 10 - 15 km

NERC Dornier

0-5 km

Ozonesondes (profiles)

Egrett payloadBasic Meteorology and position Pressure, temperature, wind (1 Hz), GPS

DMT Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP-2) † Aerosol particle size distribution (0.2 – 1.0 µm), light absorbing fraction (LAP), carbon mass, metal

2 x TSI-3010 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) Total condensation particles > 40 nm & > 80 nm

DMT Cloud, Aerosol & Precipitation Spectrometer (CAPS)

Cloud Droplet psd, aerosol/small particle assymetry, aerosol refractive index,large ice psd, (0.3<Dp<3,200 µm), Total Liquid Water Content

DMT Cloud Droplet Probe (CDP) Particle Size Distribution (2< Dp<60 µm)

SPEC Cloud Particle Imager CPI-230 Cloud particle/ice CCD images, (30 < Dp< 2,300 µm)

Buck Research CR-2 frost point hygrometer Temperature, dew/ice point, 20 s, 0.1

2X Tunable diode laser Hygrometer (SpectraSensors) Water vapour, 2 Hz, 0.005 ppmv precision

Julich CO analyser High precision (± 2 ppb), fast response (10 Hz) CO

Cambridge Miniature Gas-Chromatograph Halocarbons (Cl, Br, I), 3-6 min, 5%

TE-49C UV Ozone sensor Ozone concentration (± 1 ppbv, 10 seconds)

Adsorbent tube carbon trap C4-C9 aliphatics, acetone, monoterpenes

NO and NO2 chemiluminescent detector † 200 ppt @ 10 Hz; 30 ppt @ 4 s integration

† alternates Aerosol

Humidity Cloud Physics

Chemistry Met/Position

Dornier payloadBasic meteorology Aventech probe ARSF/Manchester

Position/Timing GPS ARSF

Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Aerosol compositionn, 30 – 2000 nm

Manchester

Condensation particle counter

Aerosol concentration > 10 nm Manchester

Grimm Optical Particle Counter

Aerosol size distribution, 0.5 – 20 μm

Manchester

Ultra high sensitivity aerosol spectrometer

Aerosol size distribution 50 nm – 2 µm

Manchester

Aerosol spectrometer probe Aerosol size distn, 0.1 – 1 µm Manchester

FSSP Aerosol, size ( 2- 47 µm) Manchester

Filters Coarse aerosol composition Manchester

Ozone UV absorption, 2B York

CO AL5003 York

VOC Adsorbent tubes York

NO/NOx Chemiluminescence/catalysis York

Halocarbons DIRAC gas chromatograph Cambridge

Black Carbon PSAP DLR

Aerosol Chemistry Met/Position

Experiment Plan: two campaigns

7 Nov- 10 Dec 2005 concentrating on HECTOR.

With SCOUT-O3: European campaign to study TTL and TLS using DLR Falcon and Russian Geophysika.

16 Jan-17 Feb 2006 concentrating on monsoon and continental convection.

With TWP-ICE: US/Australian campaign to study cirrus clouds and convection using multiple aircraft and ground-based instruments

Campaign 1

13 ED 14 15 ED 16ED GF

17 18 19 D GF

20 21 22 23 D GF

24 D 25 26

27 E 28 D F

29 GF

30EDGF(2)

1 ED 2 3 E

4 ED 5 ED GF

6 E 7 8 E 9 E 10 E

Test Survey Hector Mixed survey/Hector

Nov

Dec

Single-cellular Hector

Multi-cellular Hector

Mini-monsoon

Campaign 2Jan 16 17 18 19 D 20ED 21

22ED T

23 E T

24 25 ED PT

26 D 27 ED PT

28

29 30 D 31 E 1 ED 2 D 3 ED 4

5 6 ED PT

7 8 ED T

9 D T

10ED PT

11

12 EDPT

13 E 14 ED 15 E 16 17 Feb

Test Survey Hector Monsoon Aged anvil Lidar

Single-cellular Hector

Multi-cellular Hector

Westerly Monsoon

Monsoon trough Inactive Monsoon

Evolution of Egrett CO profiles during ACTIVE

Data from A. Volz-Thomas and W. Pätz

16 Nov 2005

Satellite data from BoM, aircraft tracks by G. Allen

15.45

17:00

Cloud particles: CAPSCloud imaging probe: large

particles

Cloud and aerosol spectrometer: small

particles

Data: A. Heymsfield and A. Bansamer

Cloud Particle Imager

Data: P. Connolly

Dornier CO and aerosol, 16/11/05

Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly

Dornier CO and aerosol, 8/2/05

Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly

“Chemical Equator” flight 3/2/06

CO in ppbv, Aerosol > 300 nm in

cm-3

Data from J. Hamilton, M. Flynn and P. Connolly

Summary

• Around 30 flights with each aircraft in and around tropical convection

• Inflow conditions change from polluted early in November (smoke from biomass burning) to very clean in Jan/Feb

• Hectors observed in polluted and clean regine

• Monsoon convection observed in the second half of January

The Consortium

University of Manchester: Geraint Vaughan (PI), Tom Choularton, Hugh CoeMartin Gallagher, Keith

BowerUniversity of Cambridge: John Pyle, Neil Harris,

Peter Haynes, Rod JonesUniversity of York (UK): Ally Lewis

York University (Toronto): Jim WhitewayDLR (Germany): Reinhold BusenFZ Julich, Germany: Andreas Volz-ThomasNCAR, Boulder: Andy Heymsfield Australian Bureau of Meteorology: Peter MayAirborne Research Australia: Jörg Hacker

Summary of flights

7

1

3

2

Hector

Survey

Test

Cirrus

5

41

3

2

Hector

Survey

Test

Cirrus

Monsoon

73

2

ConvectionSurveyTest

Campaign 1 Campaign 2

Egrett

Dornier

7

7

1

ConvectionSurveyTest

O3sondes: 23 8

13 15

12 15

Summary

• 7 Egrett Hector flights (3 NOX, 4 aerosol)

• 2 Egrett cirrus flights (1 NOx, 1 aerosol)

• 1 Egrett survey (aerosol)• 3 Egrett test flights• 7 Dornier convection

flights• 3 Dornier survey flights• Intercomparison leg• 2 Dornier test flights• 23 ozonesondes

• 2 Monsoon anvil flights (1 NOx, 1 aerosol)

• 5 Egrett Hector flights (2 NOX, 3 aerosol)

• 3 Egrett cirrus flights (1 NOx, 2 aerosol)

• 4 Egrett survey (1 aerosol, 2 lidar, 1 transit)

• 1 Egrett calibration flight• 7 Dornier convection

flights• 7 Dornier survey flights• Intercomparison flight• 1 Dornier test flights• 8 ozonesondes

Campaign 1 Campaign 2

Aircraft –ACTIVE, TWP-ICE, SCOUT-O3

DLR Falcon: in-situ, remote sensing

M-55 Geophysica : In situ microphysics, chemistry

NERC Dornier: in-situ, aerosol, chemistry,

21 km

15 km

15 km

11 km

9 km

5 km

3 km

Max ht

ARA Egrett: In-situ microphysics, aerosol, chemistry

NASA/DOE Proteus:Remote sensing, in-situ

King Air: Upward-looking radar and lidar

ARA Dimona: Fluxes, BL structure

Modelling planIn

Situ

measu

rem

ents

CRM

EMM

MAC

TOMCAT

TRAJ

Radar reflectivity

Low-level aircraft

Tracer fields(e.g. CO)

Cloud microphysics

CloCloud microphysicsAerosol

Active gases (O3, NOx)

Large-scale fields

Large-scale fields (fine structure)

Comparison with data

Input

Output

Modelling

Large scale modelling:p-TOMCAT 3D CTM with detailed chemistry run at, say, 0.5x0.5Air parcel trajectory model

Transport into/out of TTLLarge scale structure of TTLRole of lightning NOx on TTL ozone

Modelling individual storms:MetOffice CRM + UMIST physics (EMM)

physicsof anvils for comparison with dataFluxes of particles, tracers thro’ clouds

Microphysics, Aerosols & Chemistry (MAC)More explicit size-resolved aerosolNOx production in lightning