Download - AER 2010 Driver Yielding
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at crossings withouttraffic controls
Gene Bourquin, Rob Wall, Dona Sauerburger
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What conditions causedrivers to yield:
vests, flags, and cane,oh my?
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Why drivers
yield?
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Social theories and
empirical research
indicate thatdependencycues influence drivers
Harrell (1993)
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Drivers yielded more
readily to individuals perceivedto be dependent: mothers with a
carriage, people thought to havea physical disability, or people
who are blind.(Bake & Reitz, 1978)
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What driverssee
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Attentional capture: a stimulus
that alters attention away fromthe prevailing focuswhich
draw a attention without thatpersons volition.
(Hughes, Vachon, & Jones, 2005)
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(Mack, Pappas, Silverman, & Gay, 2002)
Whats in yourattention set?
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Inattentional Blindness: the
phenomenon when items notexpected, not of interest, or not
meaningful are not perceivedby the visual system.
(Ramachandran &Rogers-Ramachandran, 2005)
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Conditions are likely to be
noticed and understoodwhen attentional capture is
high and inattentional
blindness in minimized
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What we knew aboutdrivers yielding
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roundabout entry lanespedestrians standing at the
edge of the crosswalk: 36.4%
holding a white cane 20%
without a cane(Ashmead, Guth, Wall, Long, and Ponchillia, 2005)
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Roundabout exits (higherspeeds):
0% yielded with no cane, 9%
with a white cane.
(Ashmead, Guth, Wall, Long, and Ponchillia, 2005)
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driver yielding improved
with a visible long cane or
dog guide 15%-32% (Guth,Ashmead, Long, Wall, &Ponchillia, 2005)
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at a campus midblockcrosswalk with no traffic
control, drivers yieldedabout 96% to a cane user
(Guth, Ashmead, Long, Wall, & Ponchillia, 2005)
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at uncontrolled and
stop-sign-controlled streets(residential/downtown) drivers
yielded about 5% of the time toa cane user
(Guth, Ashmead, Long, Wall, & Ponchillia, 2005)
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What we did
What we found
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375 trials
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P
C2
C1
X
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Control yielding rate: 0.41
Flag 0.61Vest 0.49
Cane 0.87Cane waive 0.89
Cane waive vest 0.91
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The main differencesseen in yielding were
across the crossingconditions
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Secondarily, vehicleapproach speed most
critically impactedyielding
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This study, along with previous
studies, indicate a general principlethat using a cane will improve safety.
A long cane is a well-known symbol
that reduces inattention blindnessthrough its visibility and
meaningfulness.
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Mack, A., Pappas, Z., Silverman, M., & Gay, R. (2002). What we see: Inattention and thecapture of attention by meaning. Consciousness and Cognition 11 (2002) 488506,2002(11).
Ashmead, D. H., Guth, D., Wall, R. S., Long, R. G., & Ponchillia, P. E. (2005). StreetCrossing by Sighted and Blind Pedestrians at a Modern Roundabout.Journal ofTransportation Engineering, 131(11), 812-821.
Baker, L. D., & Reitz, H. J. (1978). Altruism toward the blind: effects of sex of helper anddependency of victim.Journal of Social Psychology, 104(1), 19.
Guth, D., Ashmead, D., Long, R., Wall, R., & Ponchillia., P. (2005). Blind and SightedPedestrians' Judgments of Gaps in Traffic at Roundabouts. Human Factors, 47(2), 134(118).
Harrell, W. A. (1993). The Impact of Pedestrian Visibility and Assertiveness on Motorist
Yielding. [Article].Journal of Social Psychology, 133(3), 353-360.
Hughes, R. W., Vachon, F., & Jones, D. M. (2005). Auditory Attentional Capture DuringSerial Recall: Violations at Encoding of an Algorithm-Based Neural Model?Journal ofExperimental Psychology / Learning, Memory & Cognition, 31(4), 736-749.
Ramachandran, V. S., & Rogers-Ramachandran, D. (2005). How Blind Are We? Scientific
American Mind, 16(2), 96-95.