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ADVANCED BIOLOGY CHAPTER 1 - PART 2
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ANATOMICAL POSITION
BODY ERECT (STANDING UP)FEET PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER (SHOULDER WIDTH APART)ARMS HANGING AT SIDESPALMS FACING FORWARD
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The Language of AnatomyThe Language of Anatomy
• Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
• Exact terms are used for:
• Position
• Direction
• Regions
• Structures
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
SUPERIOR: TOWARD HEAD; ABOVE
EX: NOSE IS SUPERIOR TO CHIN
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
INFERIOR: AWAY FROM HEAD; BELOW
EX: NOSE IS INFERIOR TO EYES
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
ANTERIOR (VENTRAL): FRONT OF BODY; IN FRONT OF
EX: BELLY IS ANTERIOR TO BACKEX: HEART IS ANTERIOR TO SPINE
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
POSTERIOR (DORSAL): BACKSIDE OF BODY; BEHIND
EX: SPINE IS POSTERIOR TO BREASTBONEEX: SHOULDER BLADE IS POSTERIOR TO
COLLAR BONE
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
MEDIAL: TOWARD THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY; ON THE INNER SIDE OF BODY
EX: THE NOSE IS MEDIAL TO THE EARS
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
LATERAL: AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE OF THE BODY; ON THE OUTER SIDE OF BODY
EX: ARMS ARE LATERAL TO THE BODY
TRUNK
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
PROXIMAL: CLOSE TO THE POINT OF LIMB ATTACHMENT
EX: KNEE IS PROXIMAL TO THE ANKLEEX: ANKLE IS PROXIMAL TO THE TOES
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
DISTAL: FARTHER AWAY FROM THE POINT OF LIMB ATTACHMENT
EX: ANKLE IS DISTAL TO THE KNEEEX: WRIST IS DISTAL TO THE ELBOW
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
SUPERFICIAL: TOWARD THE BODY SURFACE; NEAR THE TOP
EX: RIBS ARE SUPERFICIAL TO THE HEARTEX: SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE
SUPERFICIAL TO THE BONE
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DIRECTIONAL TERM
DEEP: AWAY FROM THE BODY SURFACE; MORE INTERNAL
EX: STOMACH IS DEEP TO THE SKIN
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional TermsOrientation and Directional Terms
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BODY PLANES
SAGITTAL: DIVIDES THE BODY VERTICALLY INTO LEFT AND RIGHT PORTIONS
PARASAGITTAL = UNEQUAL PORTIONSMIDSAGITTAL = EQUAL PORTIONS
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BODY PLANES
FRONTAL (CORONAL): DIVIDES THE BODY INTO FRONT AND BACK [ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR] PORTIONS
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BODY PLANES
TRANSVERSE: DIVIDES THE BODY INTO UPPER AND LOWER [SUPERIOR & INFERIOR] PORTIONS
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Body PlanesBody Planes
Figure 1.6
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BODY CAVITIES
THE BODY HAS INTERNAL CAVITIES IN WHICH THE ORGANS ARE LOCATEDTHERE ARE TWO MAIN BODY CAVITES: DORSAL & VENTRAL (EACH OF WHICH HAS SMALLER SUBDIVISIONS)
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BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL: MAIN BODY CAVITY ON POSTERIOR SIDE OF BODY; HAS TWO SUBDIVISIONS-CRANIAL CAVITY: BRAIN-SPINAL/VERTEBRAL CAVITY: SPINAL CORD
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BODY CAVITIES
VENTRAL: LARGEST OF THE TWO MAIN BODY CAVITIES; HAS THREE SUBDIVISIONS-THORACIC CAVITY: HEART, LUNGS, …-ABDOMINAL CAVITY: STOMACH . . .-PELVIC CAVITY: BLADDER . . .
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BODY CAVITIES
*DIAPHRAGM: PHYSICAL STRUCTURE THAT SEPARATES THE THORACIC CAVITY FROM THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. THERE IS NO PHYSICAL SEPARATION OF THE PELVIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY
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Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Figure 1.7