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Advanced Accelerator [email protected]
(special thanks to Massimo Ferrario)
Constantia– 22 September 2018
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Fermi’s Globatron: ~5000 TeV Proton beam
1954 the ultimate synchrotron
Bmax 2 Tesla
r 8000 km
fixed target
3 TeV cm
170 G$
1994
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212 mEECM »
EECM 2»
Touschek’s Anello Di Accumulazione (ADA)
1961 the first e+e- Collider
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GeV
Fixed Target equivalent accelerator energy versus year
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“The Universe in a Nutshell”, by Stephen William Hawking, Bantam, 2001
Without further novel technology, we will eventually need an
accelerator as large as Hawking expected.
Hawking: the SolartronTowards the Planck scale
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16 T
Big science machines …
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… or accelerator on a Chip?
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SLAC Now and Tomorrow?
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Bn »2I
en2
L =N e+N e- fr
4ps xs y
Modern accelerators require high quality beams: ==> High Luminosity & High Brightness
==> High Energy & Low Energy Spread
–Small spot size => low emittance
–N of particles per pulse => 109
–High rep. rate fr=> bunch trains
–Little spread in transverse momentum and angle => low emittance
–Short pulse (ps to fs)
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① Miniaturization of the accelerating
structures (~resonant)
② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,
PWFA, DWFA)
HIGH GRADIENT AAC ROAD MAP
• Power sources
• Accelerating structures
• High quality beams
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The simplest solution: particle interacting with a
plane wave in free space (e.g. laser)
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F̂ @eEx
2g 2cos
wt
2g 2
æ
èç
ö
ø÷
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Ez x,z, t( ) = E+ sinq( )eiwt- ik z cosq -x sinq( )
- E+ sinq( )eiwt- ik z cosq +x sinq( )
= 2iE+ sinq sin kx sinq( )eiwt- ikz cosq
x-SW
pattern
z-TW
pattern
x
Taking into account the boundary conditions the accelerating component of
the field becomes:
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vfz =w
kz=
w
k cosq=
c
cosq> c
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vj º c
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Conventional RF accelerating structures
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High field ->Short wavelength->ultra-short bunches-> low charge
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① Miniaturization of the accelerating
structures (~resonant)
② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,
PWFA, DWFA)
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Accelerating structures routinely used
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Accelerating structures and EM spectrum
22800MHz
110GHz8.56MHz
1.3GHz
3GHz450GHz
future dielectric
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THz-driven linear acceleration
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Direct Laser Acceleration
DLA
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Laser based dielectric accelerator
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Dielectric Photonic Structure
Why photonic structures (periodic optical nanostructures) ?
Natural in dielectric
Advantages of burgeoning field
design possibilities
Fabrication
Dynamics concerns
External coupling schemes
Biharmonic ~2D structure
e-beam
Laser pulses
180 degrees
out of phase
Schematic of GALAXIE
monolithic photonic DLA
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Laser-Structure Coupling: TWGALAXIE Dual laser drive structure, large reservoir of power recycles
e-beam
Laser pulses
(180 degrees
out of phase)
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Limitations of Direct Laser Acceleration
Low emittance
Low charge
Longitudinal dynamics
Timing issue
Alignment issues
Inverse Free Electron Laser
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Accelerator on chip option
Rasmus Ischebeck for the ACHIP Collaboration, EAAC 2017
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① Miniaturization of the accelerating
structures (~resonant)
② Wake Field Acceleration (~transient)(LWFA,
PWFA, DWFA)
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What about wakefields?Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC
the EM fields of the accelerating wave are created inside of the structure itself by
an intense, relativistic particle beam. This drive beam may be of lower quality and
energy than a trailing, accelerating beam. Further, the drive beam may be specially
shaped (in, e.g. a rising triangular current profile) to give much larger acceleration in
the trailing beam than deceleration in the driver.
(Particle Driven) Wakefield Acceleration paradigm
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Wakefield feeding RF structures
Courtesy of Cho Ng, SLAC
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Dielectric Wakefield Acceleration
DWA
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Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator
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Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator
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Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator
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Dielectric Wakefield Accelerator
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Plasma Acceleration
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Surface charge density Surface electric field
Restoring force
Plasma frequency
Plasma oscillations
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Breakdown limit?
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From linear regime …
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… to quasi linear and non linear regime
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positrons
What about externally injected electrons or positrons?
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Wake Field Acceleration 1
Laser Driven
LWFA
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Laser beam
Electron beam
1 mm
Direct production of e-beam
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Diffraction - Self injection - Dephasing – Depletion
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Capillary Discharge
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Capillary in the beam line
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Active Plasma lens
The use plasma wakefields for creating lenses with extreme focusing
strength was proposed for a linear collider final focus (5 orders stronger
than conventional magnets).
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An example of active Plasma lens
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Wake Field Acceleration 2
Beam Driven
PWFA
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Blumenfeld, I. et al. Energy doubling of 42 GeVelectrons in a metre-scale plasma wakefieldaccelerator. Nature 445, 741–744 (2007).
Litos, M. et al. High-efficiency acceleration of anelectron beam in a plasma wakefield accelerator.Nature 515, 92–95 (2014).
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ILC – International Linear Collider
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Protons and Ions
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① High Gradient – Low e- Beam Quality
② High e+e- Beam Quality – Low Gradient
③ High e+e- Beam Quality - High Gradient
3 Steps towards a reliable PWA
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EUROPEAN
PLASMA RESEARCH
ACCELERATOR WITH
EXCELLENCE IN
APPLICATIONS
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653782.
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Horizon 2020EuPRAXIA Research Infrastructure
PLASMA ACCELERATOR HEP & OTHER USER
AREA
FEL / RADIATION SOURCE
USER AREA
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Horizon 2020Participating Institutions
4 567
DESYStiftung Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Germany
INFNInstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy
2
1
3
CNRConsiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italy
4
CNRSCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France
USTRATHUniversity of Strathclyde, UK
5
6
7
STFCScience & Technology Facilities Council, UK
8
9
UNIMANUniversity of Manchester, UK
10
ULIVUniversity of Liverpool, UK
11
ENEAAgenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Italy
13 12
1415 16
1
2
389
10
11 12
13
1415
16
Associated Partners (as of August 2016)
IST-IDAssociacao do instituto superior tecnico para a investigacao e desenvolvimento, Portugal
UHHUniversität Hansestadt Hamburg, Germany
UOXFUniversity of Oxford, UK
SOLEILSynchrotron SOLEIL - French National Synchrotron, France
CEACommissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives, France
UROMSapienza Universita di Roma, Italy
ICLImperial College London, UK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
JUS Jiao Tong-University Shanghai
TUB Tsingua University Beijing
ELI-B Extreme Light Infrastructure-Beams
PHLAM Lille University
HIJ Helmholtz Institute Jena
HZDR Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
LMU Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research
OU Osaka University
RSC RIKEN SPring-8 Center
LU Lund University
LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
UCLA University of California, Los Angeles
WIGNER Wigner Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Science
KPSI/JAEA Kansai Photon Science Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency
CASE Center for Accelerator Science and Education at Stony Brook U & BNL
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Future of Accelerators
R. Assmann, EAAC 2015, 9/2015
ILC Technical Design exists
Waiting funding decision
FCC
Conceptual
Design started
ESS
E-XFEL
LHeC ERLSuperKEKb
FAIR
LHC HiLumi
Hadron acc. project
Hadron acc. proposal
Lepton acc. project
Lepton acc. proposal
SwissFEL
LBNL LWFA 2014
muons
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Conclusions (I)
• RF accelerating structures, from X-bandto K-band => 100 MV/m < Eacc< 1 GV/m
• Dielectric structures, laser or particledriven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 5 GV/m
• Plasma accelerator, laser or particledriven => 1 GV/m < Eacc < 100 GV/m
There are several options for high gradientstructures:
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Conclusions (II)
The R&D is pursued in a modern way
- Collaborative effort (networking, both in Europe and US)
- Building a demonstrator facility
- Strong use of simulation (start-to-end, multidisciplinary)
Application driven accelerators (HEP, radiation sources, materialscience, radio-biology, …)
Accelerator physics is opening to different fields (laser science, plasmaphysics, computer science, advanced technology…) …very interesting!
Compact machine to spread the use of particle accelerators
The R&D now concentrates on beam quality, stability, staging andcontinuous operation.
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CAS on High Gradient Wakefield Accelerator
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Thank you