A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass
A strategy towards enhanced bio-energy production from cane biomass
MSIRIApril 2006
LJC Autrey
KTKF Kong Win Chang
AF Lau
82
79
7777
76
74
77
78 78
8382
77
75 75
72
65
60
65
70
75
80
85
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Land area (Thousand hectares)
Roadmap
2015
PART IPART I
Bio-energy potential
based on
current technologies and cane varieties
Bio-energy potential
based on
current technologies and cane varieties
Electricity output in Mauritius (GWh)
IslandIsland
Sugar IndustrySugar
Industry Bag301
Coal534
2015
3000
Electricity output in Mauritius (GWh)
IslandIsland
Sugar IndustrySugar
Industry
2015
3000
Savannah
2 x 42 MW in 2007
Bag301
Coal534
Assumption:5.5 million tonnes cane130 kWh/t cane65% total by coal
Bag400
Coal740
Bag465
Coal860
2007/08
1325
1140
Savannah
3 x 42 MW in 2008
Electricity output in Mauritius (GWh)
IslandIsland
Sugar IndustrySugar
Industry
2015
3000
F.U.E.L
Bag301
Coal534
Bag400
Coal740
Bag465
Coal860
2009
1720
Bag600
Coal1120
Assumption:5.5 million tonnes cane130 kWh/t cane65% total by coal
Electricity output in Mauritius (GWh)
IslandIsland
Sugar IndustrySugar
Industry
2015
3000
Medine
Bag301
Coal534
Bag400
Coal740
Bag465
Coal860
2012
2000
Bag700
Coal1300
Assumption:5.5 million tonnes cane130 kWh/t cane65% total by coal
Bag600
Coal1120
31 32 3445 47 50 50 53
71
136
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Factory no.Factory no.
82 bar
boiler
Projected electricity export from bagasse (kWh/t cane)
Projected electricity export from bagasse (kWh/t cane)
The potential that will be exploited between 2007 & 2012 ?The potential that will be exploited between 2007 & 2012 ?Belle Vue
Target by 2012
A minimum of 130 kWh/t cane
4 co-generation plants instead of 10
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Projected electricity export from bagasse (GWh)Projected electricity export from bagasse (GWh)
In spite of a reduction of land area for cane cultivation, electricity production will rise to 700 GWh using current technologies and existing cane varieties.
In spite of a reduction of land area for cane cultivation, electricity production will rise to 700 GWh using current technologies and existing cane varieties.
700
2012
Ethanol is currently produced with molasses
Maximum 33 000 tonnes
Blending with gasoline to start soon
Alcodis Mauritius
PART IIPART II
Strategic Research to Enhance
Bio-energy potential
New Technologies & New Cane Varieties
Strategic Research to Enhance
Bio-energy potential
New Technologies & New Cane Varieties
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
1. Breeding for more biomass
2. Collecting maximum trash from the fields
3. Ethanol from bagasse
4. Bagasse gasification technologies
1. Breeding for more biomass
2. Collecting maximum trash from the fields
3. Ethanol from bagasse
4. Bagasse gasification technologies
1.
Breeding for more biomass
1.
Breeding for more biomass
Strategic Research in Mauritius
To enhance bio-energy production
Intensification of interspecific programme with available wild species in germplasm collection for:
Intensification of interspecific programme with available wild species in germplasm collection for:
Evaluation of Interspecific crosses
1980’s1980’s
1. Genetic base-broadening2. Windfall gain for
enhancement of fibre
1. Genetic base-broadening2. Windfall gain for
enhancement of fibre
470 (F1, BC1, BC2) new parent varieties available in collection for high fibre cane
470 (F1, BC1, BC2) new parent varieties available in collection for high fibre cane
1990’s1990’s
2005 - 20072005 - 2007
Evaluation of 65 promising parent varieties (interspecific derived) in the collection for biomass, fibre and pol
Evaluation of 65 promising parent varieties (interspecific derived) in the collection for biomass, fibre and pol
What cane variety for bio-energy ?What cane variety for bio-energy ?Different ScenariiDifferent Scenarii
Breeding for more biomass in MauritiusNew variety development initiative to meet future challenges
40 S. Spontaneum clones imported from Barbados in 2004
released from quarantine in 2006
M 1672/90
A new promising
variety with enhanced fibre
content
M 1672/90
A new promising
variety with enhanced fibre
content
Controls L2 P2 P2 S2
soils soils soils soilsM 1176/77 121 120 130 121
M 1246/84 102 124 131 -
M 1400/86 143 - 120 -
R 570 109 110 118 115
R 573 109 - 110 -
FIBRE % CANE
M 1672/90
M 1672/90 as % of controls
What cane variety for bio-energy ?What cane variety for bio-energy ?
Current varietyFibre 10 - 12 %
SugarBagasse for electricity & ethanol
High qualityPol 17 - 22 %
More SugarMore bagasse for electricity & ethanol
High fibreFibre 20 - 30 %
Less SugarMuch more bagasse for electricity & ethanol
Energy caneFibre > 30 %
Small amount of sugar for ethanol/rumMuch more bagasse for electricity & ethanol
Different ScenariiDifferent Scenarii
High fibreFibre 20 - 30 %
Less SugarMuch more bagasse for electricity & ethanol
Current varietyFibre 10 – 12 %
SugarBagasse for electricity & ethanol
High qualityPol 17 - 22 %
More SugarMore bagasse for electricity & ethanol
High quality caneHigh quality cane
Barbados
Bx % C
P % C F % C
WI 99940 19.8 17.9 18.4
WI 96912 21.4 19.9 17.5
Mauritius
M52/78 15.7 14.3 10.4
Barbados
High quality cane tested in Mauritius High quality cane tested in Mauritius Promising varieties from BarbadosPromising varieties from Barbados
Brix % Juice
WI 99901 22.4 22.2
WI 96911 25.0 21.8
FieldBarbados
GlasshouseMauritius
WI 96904 26.0 21.0
WI 96902 26.2 22.1
Energy Content (ktoe)All sugar into ethanol
Energy Content (ktoe)All sugar into ethanol
Normal
High quality
High fibre
Energy cane
Ethanol
216
445
222
55
Million tonnes
CO2 offset
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.6
M1672/90 321 223 1.7
Bagasse
264
371
580
781
2.
Maximize trash recovery from the fields
2.
Maximize trash recovery from the fields
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
Impact of fibre on electricity exportImpact of fibre on electricity export
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
14 15 16 17 18
kW
h/t
can
e
Fibre % Cane
Boiler 82 bar 525 o C = 11 kWh/t c
ane
Boiler 82 bar 525 o C = 11 kWh/t c
ane
Trash recovery increases fibre content in caneTrash recovery increases fibre content in cane
Method of trash recovery – The DCCP conceptMethod of trash recovery – The DCCP concept
Sugar Cane + Maximum Trash sent to factory
DCCP
ChoppedTrash
CleanCane
Factory
Bagasse
Quality Sugar
World bank and GEF funded research on
DCCP or trash recovery system
A commercial system to be installed at
Savannah
World bank and GEF funded research on
DCCP or trash recovery system
A commercial system to be installed at
Savannah
Source: Union St Aubin
Additional trash (offset coal) + 250Assuming 400 000 tonnes recovered – Conventional steam cycle
2000
700
20122005
4
1300
35 % bag 65 % coal
301534
8352015
Cellulases and hemicellulases produced by micro-organisms to hydrolyse hemicellulose and cellulose
Cellulases and hemicellulases produced by micro-organisms to hydrolyse hemicellulose and cellulose
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
3.
Ethanol from bagasse
Ethanol and Bioplastic from BagasseEthanol and Bioplastic from Bagasse
1. Lignin removal from bagasse1. Lignin removal from bagasse
Lignin 19.6
Lignin 19.6
Ash 6.3Ash 6.3
Hemicellulose 28.4
Hemicellulose 28.4
Cellulose 40.6Cellulose 40.6
Sugar 3.1Sugar 3.1
2. Convert hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars
2. Convert hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars
3 Steps
3. Convert simple sugars into ethanol and bioplastic3. Convert simple sugars into ethanol and bioplastic
LigninLignin
• Amorphous polymer• Amorphous polymer
• 2nd most abundant biopolymer in nature• 2nd most abundant biopolymer in nature• Binds hemicellulose/cellulose
It gives rigidity to plants
• Binds hemicellulose/cellulose It gives
rigidity to plants
• Lignin can be used as fuel• Lignin can be used as fuel
• Can be converted into dispersing agents and additives• Can be converted into dispersing agents and additives
HemicelluloseHemicellulose
• Low calorific sugar• Low calorific sugarHydrolysis • Furfural• Furfural
• Ethanol• Ethanol
XyloseXylose
HemicelluloseHemicellulose
HHOO
HH OHOH
HO HH
OHOHHH
CH2OHCH2OH
O
H
O
H
HO
H
H
OHHO
OH
O
H
HO
H
H
H
OHHO
OH
O
H
HO
H
H
H
OHH
OH
n
• Most abundant biopolymer in nature
• Used as pulp/paper and clothing
• Cellulose is hydrolyzed by acids and enzymes to produce glucose• Glucose can be fermented into ethanol
CelluloseCellulose
Removal of ligninRemoval of lignin
Two method were used on bagasse:-Two method were used on bagasse:-
1. Sodium hydroxide
2. Potassium hydroxide
1. Sodium hydroxide
2. Potassium hydroxide
Preliminary conclusions:-
Potassium hydroxide costs three times as much as sodium hydroxide but it has a major advantage:
It can be recovered as potassium nitrate by the addition of nitric acid, and thus can be used as fertilizer
Preliminary conclusions:-
Potassium hydroxide costs three times as much as sodium hydroxide but it has a major advantage:
It can be recovered as potassium nitrate by the addition of nitric acid, and thus can be used as fertilizer
Method 1 – Enzymatic hydrolysis
Cellulases and hemicellulases produced by micro-organisms to hydrolyse hemicellulose and cellulose
Preliminary results:-
At present stage the efficiency is around 10-15 %. Hence, we are currently optimizing the enzymatic hydrolysis process.
Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars
Method 2 – Acid hydrolysis
Preliminary results:-
Presence of reducing sugars.
Preliminary results:-
Presence of reducing sugars.
Picture shows newly acquired reactor. Some tests on pre-treated bagasse were carried out at 200 oC.
Picture shows newly acquired reactor. Some tests on pre-treated bagasse were carried out at 200 oC.
Hydrolysis of hemicellulose and cellulose into simple sugars
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
Strategic Research in MauritiusTo enhance bio-energy production
4.
Bagasse gasification technologies
Steam cycleGWh
Potential electricity export with bagasse as fuel
Potential electricity export with bagasse as fuelComparing conventional steam cycle with BIG-CCComparing conventional steam cycle with BIG-CC
Current varieties 700
BIG-CCGWh
High quality cane
895 2110
High fibre cane 1535 3390
Energy cane 2160 4640
M1672/90 785 1830
1630
Projected island electricity demand in 2015 3000 GWh
Bagasse gasification technologiesTo enhance bio-energy production
Bagasse gasification technologiesTo enhance bio-energy production
The MSIRI is seeking collaboration with a strategic partner to re-start bagasse gasification project.The ISSCT is setting up an International Sugarcane Biomass Utilization Consortium (ISBUC). The launching is planned for 11 July 2006 in Durban. The mode of functioning will be on the same line as the International Consortium for Sugarcane Biotechnology (ICSB).
Bagasse gasification technologies will probably be one of the key issues that will be addressed.
Final TargetFinal Target
To make bio-refinery concept a reality
To make bio-refinery concept a reality
Canebiomass
Effluen
ts fr
om
biopla
stic
s
Biotechnologytools
Solar energy
Bio
fert
ilize
rsc
o2
Value-
added
mole
cule
sCane and trash
Biofertilizers
Vinasse
EthanoldistilleryEthanol
Liquors
, etc
.
Can
e ju
ice
Mo
lass
esSte
am &
ele
ctric
ity
co2
Sugarfactory
Su
gar
exp
ort
s
Cogenplants
Bagasse and trash
Steam & electricity
Sugar
Foodproducts
co2
Leaves & trash
SolventsBioplastic
factory
Ste
am a
nd
elec
tric
ity
co2
Sugar
Bioplastics
Effluents
The bio-refinery conceptThe bio-refinery concept
Back to Earth Back to Earth
In Mauritius, currently the revenue from bio-energy is still low compared to sugar
Photosource: http://www.nickyee.com/photoshop/earth-atlantic-1600.jpg
SugarElectricityEthanol
17.7%
100%
@ US $ 560/tonne@ US $ 560/tonne
100%
29.0%
@ US$ 350/tonne@ US$ 350/tonne
Current revenue from sugar and by-products
Current revenue from sugar and by-products
ASSUMPTIONS
1 tonne sugar = MUR 16,900
1 tonne cane @ 10% IRSC = 100 kg = MUR 1690
Electricity @ MUR 1.75 kWh = MUR 202
Ethanol @ 0.44 USD / litre = MUR 97
Dancing nakedin the mind field
Dr Kary Mullis
“ There is a very important rule in
evolution. Don’t trouble yourself with details that
do not matter for survival. Who ever can do something more
efficiently, survives.” Page 157