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Week 8: OverviewWeek 8: OverviewHealth, Stress, andHealth, Stress, and
CopingCopingPsychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
TherapiesTherapies
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Health Psychology andHealth Psychology and
Behavioral Risk FactorsBehavioral Risk Factors
Health Psychology: Uses behavioralHealth Psychology: Uses behavioralprinciples to prevent illness andprinciples to prevent illness andpromote healthpromote health
Behavioral Medicine: AppliesBehavioral Medicine: Applies
psychology to manage medicalpsychology to manage medicalproblemsproblems
Lifestyle Diseases: Diseases related toLifestyle Diseases: Diseases related tohealth-damaging personal habitshealth-damaging personal habits
Behavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors thatBehavioral Risk Factors: Behaviors thatincrease the chances of disease, injury,increase the chances of disease, injury,or premature deathor premature death
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Ways to Promote HealthWays to Promote Health
Refusal Skills Training: Program thatRefusal Skills Training: Program thatteaches young people how to resistteaches young people how to resist
pressures to begin smokingpressures to begin smoking
Life Skills Training: Teaches stressLife Skills Training: Teaches stressreduction, self-protection, decisionreduction, self-protection, decision
making, self-control, and social skillsmaking, self-control, and social skills
Wellness: Positive state of good healthWellness: Positive state of good health
and well-being; more than the absenceand well-being; more than the absenceof diseaseof disease
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StressStress
Mental and physical condition thatMental and physical condition thatoccurs when a person must adjust oroccurs when a person must adjust or
adapt to the environmentadapt to the environment
Includes marital and financialIncludes marital and financial
problemsproblems Eustress: Good stress (e.g., travel,Eustress: Good stress (e.g., travel,
dating)dating)
Stress Reaction: Physical response toStress Reaction: Physical response tostress; Autonomic Nervous System isstress; Autonomic Nervous System is
arousedaroused
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;Series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress;
occurs in three stagesoccurs in three stages
Alarm ReactionAlarm Reaction Body resources are mobilized to cope withBody resources are mobilized to cope with
added stressadded stress
Stage of ResistanceStage of Resistance
Body adjusts to stress but at a high physicalBody adjusts to stress but at a high physical
cost; resistance to other stressors is loweredcost; resistance to other stressors is lowered
Stage of ExhaustionStage of Exhaustion
Bodys resources are drained and stressBodys resources are drained and stresshormones are depleted, possibly resulting in:hormones are depleted, possibly resulting in:
Psychosomatic diseasePsychosomatic disease
Loss of healthLoss of health
Complete collapseComplete collapse
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ImmunityImmunity
Immune System: Mobilizes bodilyImmune System: Mobilizes bodilydefenses like white blood cellsdefenses like white blood cells
against invading microbes andagainst invading microbes and
other diseasesother diseases Psychoneuroimmunology: StudyPsychoneuroimmunology: Study
of connections among behavior,of connections among behavior,
stress, disease, and immunestress, disease, and immunesystemsystem
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StressorStressor
Condition or event that challengesCondition or event that challenges
or threatens the personor threatens the person
Pressure: When a person mustPressure: When a person mustmeet urgent external demands ormeet urgent external demands or
expectationsexpectations
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Appraising StressorsAppraising Stressors
Primary Appraisal: Deciding if aPrimary Appraisal: Deciding if a
situation is relevant or irrelevant,situation is relevant or irrelevant,
positive or threateningpositive or threatening
Secondary Appraisal: DecidingSecondary Appraisal: Decidinghow to cope with a threat orhow to cope with a threat or
challengechallenge
Perceived lack of control is just asPerceived lack of control is just asthreatening as an actual lack ofthreatening as an actual lack of
controlcontrol
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Threats/StressThreats/Stress
Emotion-Focused Coping: TryingEmotion-Focused Coping: Tryingto control ones emotionalto control ones emotionalreactions to the stressful situationreactions to the stressful situation
Problem-Focused Coping:Problem-Focused Coping:Managing or remedying theManaging or remedying thedistressing situationdistressing situation
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FrustrationFrustration
Negative emotional state thatNegative emotional state thatoccurs when one is prevented fromoccurs when one is prevented fromreaching desired goalsreaching desired goals
External Frustration: Based onExternal Frustration: Based onexternal conditions that impedeexternal conditions that impedeprogress toward a goalprogress toward a goal
Personal Frustration: Caused byPersonal Frustration: Caused bypersonal characteristics thatpersonal characteristics thatimpede progress toward a goalimpede progress toward a goal
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Reactions to FrustrationReactions to Frustration
Aggression: Any response made withAggression: Any response made withthe intention of doing harmthe intention of doing harm
Displaced Aggression: RedirectingDisplaced Aggression: Redirectingaggression to a target other than theaggression to a target other than the
source of ones frustrationsource of ones frustration Scapegoating: Blaming a person orScapegoating: Blaming a person or
group for conditions they did notgroup for conditions they did notcreate; the scapegoat is a habitualcreate; the scapegoat is a habitual
target of displaced aggressiontarget of displaced aggression Escape: May mean actually leaving aEscape: May mean actually leaving a
source of frustration (dropping out ofsource of frustration (dropping out ofschool) or psychologically escapingschool) or psychologically escaping
(apathy)(apathy)
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ConflictsConflicts
A stressful condition that occursA stressful condition that occurswhen a person must choosewhen a person must choosebetween contradictory needs,between contradictory needs,desires, motives, or demandsdesires, motives, or demands
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Approach-Approach ConflictsApproach-Approach Conflicts
Choosing between two desirable,Choosing between two desirable,
or positive, alternativesor positive, alternatives
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Avoidance-Avoidance ConflictsAvoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
Being forced to choose betweenBeing forced to choose between
two negative or undesirabletwo negative or undesirable
alternatives (e.g., choosingalternatives (e.g., choosing
between going to the doctor orbetween going to the doctor or
contracting cancer)contracting cancer)
NOT choosing may be impossibleNOT choosing may be impossible
or undesirableor undesirable
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Approach-Avoidance ConflictsApproach-Avoidance Conflicts
Being attracted (drawn to) andBeing attracted (drawn to) andrepelled by the same goal orrepelled by the same goal or
activity; attraction keeps person inactivity; attraction keeps person in
the situation, but negative aspectsthe situation, but negative aspects
can cause distresscan cause distress
Ambivalence: Mixed positive andAmbivalence: Mixed positive and
negative feelings; centralnegative feelings; central
characteristic of approach-characteristic of approach-
avoidance conflictsavoidance conflicts
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Multiple ConflictsMultiple Conflicts
Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:Double Approach-Avoidance Conflicts:Each of two alternatives has bothEach of two alternatives has bothpositive and negative qualitiespositive and negative qualities
Vacillation: When one is attracted toVacillation: When one is attracted to
both choices; seeing the positives andboth choices; seeing the positives andnegatives of both choices and goingnegatives of both choices and goingback and forth before deciding, ifback and forth before deciding, ifdeciding at all!deciding at all!
Multiple Approach-AvoidanceMultiple Approach-AvoidanceConflicts: When several alternativesConflicts: When several alternativeshave positive and negative featureshave positive and negative features
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AnxietyAnxiety
Feelings of tension, uneasiness,Feelings of tension, uneasiness,
apprehension, worry, andapprehension, worry, and
vulnerabilityvulnerabilityWe are motivated toWe are motivated to avoidavoid
experiencing anxietyexperiencing anxiety
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Work by avoiding, denying, orWork by avoiding, denying, or
distorting sources of threat or anxietydistorting sources of threat or anxiety If used short term, can help us getIf used short term, can help us get
through everyday situationsthrough everyday situations
If used long term, we may end up notIf used long term, we may end up not
living in realityliving in reality
Protect idealized self-image so we canProtect idealized self-image so we can
live with ourselveslive with ourselves
Freudian Defense MechanismsFreudian Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms: Habitual andDefense Mechanisms: Habitual and
unconscious (in most cases)unconscious (in most cases)psychological processes designed topsychological processes designed to
reduce anxietyreduce anxiety
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Freudian Defense Mechanisms:Freudian Defense Mechanisms:
Denial: Most primitive; denying reality;Denial: Most primitive; denying reality;usually occurs with death and illnessusually occurs with death and illness
Repression: When painful memories,Repression: When painful memories,anxieties, and so on are held out of ouranxieties, and so on are held out of ourawarenessawareness
Reaction Formation: Impulses are repressedReaction Formation: Impulses are repressedand the opposite behavior is exaggeratedand the opposite behavior is exaggerated
Projection: When ones own feelings,Projection: When ones own feelings,shortcomings, or unacceptable traits andshortcomings, or unacceptable traits and
impulses are seen in others; exaggeratingimpulses are seen in others; exaggeratingnegative traits in others lowers anxietynegative traits in others lowers anxiety
Rationalization: Justifying personal actionsRationalization: Justifying personal actionsby giving rational but false reasons for themby giving rational but false reasons for them
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DepressionDepression
State of feeling despondent defined byState of feeling despondent defined byfeelings of powerlessness andfeelings of powerlessness and
hopelessnesshopelessness
One of the most common mentalOne of the most common mentalproblems in the worldproblems in the world
Some symptoms: Loss of appetite or sexSome symptoms: Loss of appetite or sex
drive, decreased activity, sleeping toodrive, decreased activity, sleeping too
muchalso other less knownmuchalso other less knownsymptoms.symptoms.
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How to Recognize Depression (Beck)How to Recognize Depression (Beck)
You have a consistently negativeYou have a consistently negativeopinion of yourselfopinion of yourself
You engage in frequent self-criticismYou engage in frequent self-criticismand self-blameand self-blame
You place negative interpretations onYou place negative interpretations onevents that usually would not botherevents that usually would not botheryouyou
The future looks grimThe future looks grim
You cant handle your responsibilitiesYou cant handle your responsibilitiesand feel overwhelmedand feel overwhelmed
Anxiety, self-medicating, also canAnxiety, self-medicating, also canindicateindicate
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HassleHassle
Any distressing day-to-dayAny distressing day-to-day
annoyance; a.k.a. microstressorannoyance; a.k.a. microstressor
Acculturative StressAcculturative Stress
Stress caused by many changesStress caused by many changes
and adaptations required whenand adaptations required whenone moves to a foreign cultureone moves to a foreign culture
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Psychosomatic DisordersPsychosomatic Disorders Psychosomatic Disorders:Psychosomatic Disorders:
Psychological factors contribute toPsychological factors contribute toactual bodily damage or to damagingactual bodily damage or to damagingchanges in bodily functioningchanges in bodily functioning
Hypochondriacs: Complain aboutHypochondriacs: Complain about
diseases that appear to be imaginarydiseases that appear to be imaginary Certain kinds of ulcers areCertain kinds of ulcers are notnot
psychosomaticpsychosomatic
Most common complaints:Most common complaints:
respiratory and gastrointestinalrespiratory and gastrointestinal
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Hardy PersonalityHardy Personality
Personality type associated withPersonality type associated withsuperior stress resistancesuperior stress resistance
Sense of personal commitmentSense of personal commitment
to self and familyto self and family Feel they have control overFeel they have control over
their livestheir lives
See life as a series ofSee life as a series ofchallenges, not threatschallenges, not threats
S MS M
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Stress ManagementStress Management Use of behavioral strategies to reduce stressUse of behavioral strategies to reduce stress
and improve coping skillsand improve coping skills
Progressive Relaxation: Produces deepProgressive Relaxation: Produces deeprelaxation throughout the body by tighteningrelaxation throughout the body by tightening
all muscles in an area and then relaxing themall muscles in an area and then relaxing them
Guided Imagery: Visualizing images that areGuided Imagery: Visualizing images that are
calming, relaxing, or beneficialcalming, relaxing, or beneficial
Stress Inoculation: Using positive copingStress Inoculation: Using positive coping
statements internally to control fear andstatements internally to control fear and
anxiety; designed to combat:anxiety; designed to combat:
Negative Self-Statements: Self-criticalNegative Self-Statements: Self-critical
thoughts that increase anxiety and lowerthoughts that increase anxiety and lower
performanceperformance
Coping Statements: Reassuring, self-Coping Statements: Reassuring, self-
enhancing statements that are used to stopenhancing statements that are used to stop
negative self-statementsnegative self-statements