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Abnormal Psychology

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Page 1: Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders  Somatoform Disorders Somatoform

Abnormal Psychology

Page 2: Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Perspectives on Psychological Disorders  Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders  Somatoform Disorders Somatoform

Unit Overview

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Mood Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Rates of Disorder

Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

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“Whenever I get depressed it’s because I’ve lost a sense of self. I can’t find reasons to like myself. I think I’m ugly. Being alone confirms that I am ugly and not worth being with. I think I’m responsible for everything that goes wrong.”

- Greta, diagnosed with depression

“Voices, like the roar of a crowd, came. I felt like Jesus; I was being crucified. It was dark…. I just continued to huddle under the blanket, feeling weak, laid bare and defenseless in a cruel world I could no longer understand.”

- Stuart, diagnosed with schizophrenia

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If you are obsessive-compulsive, please press 1 repeatedly If you are co-dependent, please ask someone to press 2 If you have multiple personalities, please press 3,4,5, and

6 If you are Paranoid-delusional, we know who you are and

what you want. Just stay on the line so we can trace the call.

If you are schizophrenic, listen carefully and a little voice will tell you which number to press.

If you are manic-depressive, it doesn’t matter which number you press. No one will answer.

If you are passive-aggressive, stay on the line so no one else can call in.

Welcome to the Psychiatric Hotline

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How should we define psychological disorder?

How should we understand disorders – as sickness that need to be diagnosed and cured, or as natural responses to a troubling environment?

How should we classify psychological disorders? And can we do so in a way that allows us to help people without stigmatizing them with labels?

Perspectives on Psychological Disorders

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Psychological Disorders – deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

Must be judged to be a harmful dysfunction, and interfere with an ability to live a normal life.

Normal is defined by the persons cultural expectations.

How do we DEFINE psychological disorders?

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Historically – people blamed strange forces. For example a full moon, godlike powers, or

possession by evil spirits or the devil. Cures included: beatings, burning,

castration, drilling holes in the skull to “let out the demons”

Understanding Psychological Disorders

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Medical Model – diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed and, in most cases, cured often through treatment.

Biopsychosocial Approach – ALL behavior arises from the interaction of nature and nurture. Some disorders are biological and some may be cultural. (Anorexia and Bulimia are found mostly in western cultures)

Understanding Psychological Disorders

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In psychology and psychiatry, diagnostic classification aims to describe the disorder, predict its future course, imply appropriate treatment, and stimulate research.

DSM-IV-TR – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A used system for classifying psychological disorders.

Classifying Psychological Disorders

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The “un-DSM”—A Diagnostic Manual of Human Strengths Wisdom and knowledge—curiosity; love of learning; critical

judgment and open-mindedness; creativity; and perspective (wisdom)

Courage (overcoming opposition)—bravery/valor; industry and perseverance; integrity and honesty; and vitality (zest and enthusiasm)

Humanity—love; kindness; and social intelligence Justice—citizenship and teamwork; fairness and equity; and

leadership Temperance—humility; self-control; prudence and caution; and

forgiveness and mercy Transcendence—appreciation of beauty, awe/wonder;

gratitude; hope and optimism; playfulness and humor; and spirituality and purpose

Critics of the DSM and “Labeling”

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Labels can cause discrimination, cause bias against people, and allow for stereotypes.

Some people view disorders as a “Weakness” instead of a medical condition.

In media people with disorders can be ridiculed, seen as homicidal maniacs, or as freaks.

Critics of the DSM and “Labeling”

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ADHD Attention-Deficit

Hyperactivity Disorder

A disorder marked by the appearance of one or more of the following symptoms:◦ Extreme inattention◦ Hyperactivity◦ Impulsivity

OCD Obsessive-

Compulsive Disorder

Unwanted repetitive thoughts (Obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Mandel Video

“Common Disorders”

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Disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Generalized anxiety disorder – a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy.

Panic Disorder – a person feels irrationally and intensely afraid of a specific object or situation

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder – a person is troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – a person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event.

Anxiety Disorders Video DVD Vignette 1-2 Joan

Anxiety Disorders

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Somatoform Disorders-

Disorders in which the symptoms take on a somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause - ever thrown up because your nervous? - these disorders tend to send people to a physician instead of a psychologist.

Conversion Disorder – a rare somatoform disorder in which a person converts Anxiety into a physical symptom.

Hypochondriasis - a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

DVD Vignette 2-4 Gloria

Somatoform Disorders

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Dissociative Disorders – disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) – a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called Multiple personality disorder.

Dissociative Fuge Vignette 2-8 Jim

Dissociative Disorders

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Mood Disorders – disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Mania “Depression is the most unpleasant thing I have ever

experienced. . . . It is that absence of being able to envisage that you will ever be cheerful again. The absence of hope. That very deadened feeling, which is so very different from feeling sad. Sad hurts but it's a healthy feeling. It is a necessary thing to feel. Depression is very different.”

― J.K. Rowling

Mood Disorders

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Mood DisordersMood disorders include major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and bipolar disorder.

• Approximately 20.9 million American adults, or about 9.5 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older in a given year, have a mood disorder.

• The median age of onset for mood disorders is 30 years.• Depressive disorders often co-occur with anxiety disorders and substance

abuse. Suicide• In 2004, 32,439 (approximately 11 per 100,000) people died by suicide in the

U.S.7• More than 90 percent of people who kill themselves have a diagnosable

mental disorder, most commonly a depressive disorder or a substance abuse disorder.

• The highest suicide rates in the U.S. are found in white men over age 85.• Four times as many men as women die by suicide; however, women attempt

suicide two to three times as often as men.

Mood Disorders

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Major Depressive Disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition Two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, symptoms of depression may include the following:•Difficulty concentrating, remembering details, and making decisions•Fatigue and decreased energy•Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, and/or helplessness•Feelings of hopelessness and/or pessimism•Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping•Irritability, restlessness•Loss of interest in activities or hobbies once pleasurable, including sex•Overeating or appetite loss•Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment•Persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" feelings•Thoughts of suicide, suicide attempts•Video Vignette 1-5 Max

Mood Disorders: Depression

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Bipolar Disorder: a disorder in which a person alternates between extreme depression and states of Mania.

Mania: a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. “At first when I'm high, it's tremendous ... ideas are fast ... like shooting

stars you follow until brighter ones appear... All shyness disappears, the right words and gestures are suddenly there ... uninteresting people, things become intensely interesting. Sensuality is pervasive, the desire to seduce and be seduced is irresistible. Your marrow is infused with unbelievable feelings of ease, power, well-being, omnipotence, euphoria ... you can do anything ... but somewhere this changes.”

“The fast ideas start coming too fast and there are far too many ... overwhelming confusion replaces clarity ... you stop keeping up with it … memory goes. Infectious humor ceases to amuse. Your friends become frightened ... everything is now against the grain ... you are irritable, angry, frightened, uncontrollable, and trapped.”

Mood Disorders: Bipolar

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Three or more of the mania symptoms below most of the day -- nearly every day -- for one week or longer, a person may be having a manic episode of bipolar disorder:

Excessive happiness, hopefulness, and excitement Sudden changes from being joyful to being irritable, angry, and hostile Restlessness, increased energy, and less need for sleep Rapid talk, talkativeness Distractibility Racing thoughts High sex drive Tendency to make grand and unattainable plans Tendency to show poor judgment, such as impulsively deciding to quit a

job Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity -- unrealistic beliefs in one's ability,

intelligence, and powers; may be delusional Increased reckless behaviors (such as lavish spending sprees, impulsive

sexual indiscretions, abuse of alcohol or drugs, or ill-advised business decisions)

Video Vignettes 1-3, Mel

Mood Disorders: Bipolar

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PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional switches

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The risk of suicide is at least 5 times greater for those who have been depressed.

People seldom commit suicide while in the depths of depression, when energy and initiative are lacking.

People with alcohol dependency are 100 times more likely to commit suicide.

Teenage suicides are often linked with drug and alcohol abuse; the final act may follow a traumatic event, such as a romantic break up or a guilt-provoking social act.

Suicide

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Racial differences: within the US, Whites are nearly twice as likely as Blacks to kill themselves.

Gender Differences: Women are much more likely to ATTEMPT, Men are much more likely to SUCCEED. (men use more lethal means)

Age Differences: In late adulthood, rates increase dramatically among men.

Group Differences: Rates are much higher among the rich, nonreligious, and those who are singled, widowed, or divorced.

Suicide: Group Differences

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Schizophrenia – “Split Mind” a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions.

Delusions – False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Schizophrenia

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Disorganized Thinking: a difficulty with Selective attention causes a lack of focus and disorganized thought and speech patterns.

“ This morning, when I was at Hillside Hospital, I was making a movie. I was surrounded by movie stars… I’m Mary Poppins. Is this room painted blue to get me upset? My grandmother died four weeks after my 18th birthday.”- Maxine, 1982

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

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Disturbed Perceptions: a person may have hallucinations. Most often they are auditory. Voices making insulting remarks or giving orders.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions: Emotions are often inappropriate and split off from reality. Motor movements may also be affected, such as constant scratching or rocking or arm rubbing.

Schizophrenia: Symptoms

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Positive symptoms: hallucinations, disorganized and deluded speech, inappropriate laughter, tears or rage.

Negative Symptoms: toneless voices, expressionless faces, mute or rigid bodies.

Schizophrenia : Symptoms

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Typically strikes when young people are maturing into adulthood.

Affects 1/100 people Affects both men and women Men tend to be struck earlier, more severely,

and slightly more often. Slow-developing (Chronic or process) recovery

is doubtful. (Negative Symptoms) Rapid developing (Acute or Reactive) recovery is

much more likely. (Positive Symptoms) Video Vignette 1-1 Mike

Schizophrenia : Onset

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Artwork by patients diagnosed with Schizophrenia

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Schizophrenia: Subtypes

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Personality Disorder : characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Antisocial Personality Disorder : Sociopath or Psychopath the person (usually a man) exhibits lack of

conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends or family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Serial Killers Interviews Jeffery Dahmer Video

Personality Disorders

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