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5.0 INTRODUCTION :
Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes are affected by human
intervention and natural phenomena such as agricultural demand and trade,
population growth and consumption patterns, urbanization and economic
development, science and technology, and other factors (Research on Land
use change & Agriculture, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,
2007). As a consequence, information about LULC is essential for any kind of
natural resource management and action planning. Timely and precise
information about LULC change detection of earth’s surface is extremely
important for understanding relationships and interactions between human
and natural phenomena for better management of decision making (Lu et al.,
2004). There is a continuing demand for accurate and up-to-date LULC
information for any kind of sustainable development programme where LULC
serves as one of the major input criteria. As a result, the importance of
properly mapping LULC and its change as well as updating it through time
has been acknowledged by many research workers for decision making
activities; as for example, application of land cover change in urban
environment by Deng et al., (2005).
Human alterations of the terrestrial surface of the earth are
unprecedented in their pace, magnitude and spatial reach, of these, none are
more important than changes in land cover and land use (Turner II, B.L., W.B.
Mayer, and D.L. Skole, 1994). Though land use changes are indirect
consequence of national economic growth, it is important to evaluate land use
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changes in the regional and the local context in order to assist in anticipating
the impacts associated with change and contribute to an understanding of
productive environmental sustainability (Laymon, C., 2003).
5.1 ROLE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN LAND USE AND LAND
COVER ANALYSIS:
“Remote Sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about
an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a
device that is not in contact with object, area, or phenomenon under
investigation” (Lillesand and Kiefer, 1987). It provides a large variety and
amount of data about the earth surface for detailed analysis and change
detection with the help of various space borne and airborne sensors. It
presents powerful capabilities for understanding and managing earth
resources. Remote Sensing has proved to be a very useful tool for LULC
change detection (Matinfar, Sarmadian, Panah, Heck, 2007).
A large number of change detection techniques have been developed
since the advent of the orbital system (Lillestrand 1972). Weismiller et al.
(1977) have used various RS techniques for evaluating change detection for
coastal zone environments. In 1980, Byrne, Crapper and Mayo have shown
that Landsat multispectral data can be used to identify LULC changes very
effectively.
Change detection and monitoring involve the use of several multi-data
images to evaluate the differences in LULC due to various environmental
conditions and human actions between the acquisition dates of images (Singh
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1989). Successful use of satellite images for LULC change detection depends
upon an adequate understanding of landscape features, imaging systems,
and methodology employed in relation to the aim of the analysis (Yang & Lo,
2002). Various RS data products over time have often been incorporated into
historical land use information (Acevedo, Foresman, & Buchanan, 1996).
With the availability of historical RS data, the reduction in data cost and
increased resolution from satellite platforms, RS technology appears poised to
make an even greater impact on monitoring land-cover and land-use change
(Rogan & Chen, 2004). In general, change detection of LULC involves the
interpretation and analysis of multi-temporal and multi-source satellite images
to identify temporal phenomenon or changes through a certain period of time.
RS data are the primary source for change detection in recent decades and
have made a greater impact on urban planning agencies and land
management initiatives (Yeh and Li 1999 and Lo 2002, Rogan and Chen
2004).
5.1.0 Methodology Applied:
The technological advances in remote sensing products and Digital
Image Processing software are surely blessing to analyze urban studies. The
Indian Topographic Maps of 1:50,000 scale is used as the base line data for
comparison. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Pan+LISS III imagery of 23.8
meter spatial resolution is obtained for three time periods i.e., 2001, 2004 and
2008.Multi-spectral image by digital global with 2 meter of resolution is used
for the year 2010.The classification is done for all the respective years.
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127
Georeferencing, subset, mosak and projection(Polyconic-Modified Everest) is
done in ERDAS 9.0 software. The change analysis is carried out in two
epochs; Phase-1 studies the transformation between 1970 and 2004 which is
inferred by comparing the topographic map and satellite imagery of the year
1970 and 2004. Phase-II change analysis is traced by comparing the satellite
imageries of 2004 and 2010. The work is divided into three stages namely,
Pre field, Field work and post field work (Fig.5.1).
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Fig.5.1
Prefield Landuse Map Generation
Satellite Data Secondary Data
Data Sources
SOURCES OF DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO ANALYZE LULC
Cadestrial Maps, Master Plan Maps and Toposheets(SOI) Scale 1:50,000
Pan+LISS III-2001,2004.2008,8- Band Global Digital-2010
Image Interpretation
Image Analysis
Detection Recognition and Identification Preparation of Base Map
Transfer of LULC Details on Base Map
Map Reproduction and Digitization
Finalised LULC Map
Report Writing
Area Estimation Through GIS Technique
Field Verification, Modification of Landuse details,Updating and Incorporation of New
Spatial Arrangement of Different Features Based on Tone, Texture, Shape, Size, Association etc.
Supervised Classification
Selection of Sample Area for Ground Truth
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5.1.1 Classification Method:
Classifying the satellite images to extract the land use / land cover
theme is the one of the major steps in this type of study. Classification is the
process of assigning classes to the pixels in images. Moreover, successful
utilization of remotely sensed data for LULC studies demands careful
selection of an appropriate data set and image processing technique(s)
(Lunetta, 1998). The most common image analysis for extracting LULC is
digital image classification. Sabins (1997) explains that image classification
techniques are most generally applied to the spectral data of a single-date
image or to the varying spectral data of a series of multi-data images. The
complexity of image classification techniques can range from the use of a
simple threshold value for a single spectral band to complex statistically
based decision rules that operate on multivariate data. The purpose of image
classification is to label the pixels in the image with the real information
(Jensen & Gorte, 2001). Through classification of RS image, thematic maps
such as the LULC can be obtained (Tso and Mather, 2001). Classification
involves labelling the pixels as belonging to particular classes using the
spectral data available.
There are two broad types of classification procedure and each finds
application in processing of RS image. One is referred to as supervised
classification and the other one is unsupervised classification. These can be
used as alternative approaches but are often combined into hybrid
methodologies using more than one method (Richards and Jia, 2006). Both
the supervised and unsupervised classification methods used for classifying
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various multispectral images which are based on so called traditional pixel-
based method which has been played a great importance for classifying low
resolution images. On the other hand, when using new generation images,
characterized by a higher spatial and spectral resolution, it is still difficult to
obtain satisfactory result (Lewinski and Zaremski, 2004).
5.1.2 Change Detection Technique:
Although coarse-spatial resolution meteorological satellite data is
available since the 1960s, civilian RS of the Earth’s surface from space at
medium spatial resolutions (i.e. 250 m) only began in 1972 with the launch of
the first of a series of Landsat Satellites (Rogan & Chen,2004). Since then a
large numbers of change detection techniques have been developed after the
launching of Landsat orbital system as described in the article titled
“Techniques for Change Detection” by Lillestrand in 1972. Many methods of
change detection have been developed to detect land cover change (Lambin
& Ehrlich, 1997; Mas, 1999; Singh, 1989), but by far the most popular is the
utilization of post classification comparison method. In spite of the numerous
evaluations of these techniques (Weismiller et al. 1977; Singh 1989;Stow,
1990), no standard techniques have yet been adopted (Macleod and
Congalton 1998) for all cases. Although the development of RS technology
has been developed dramatically within past few years, examples of effective
LULC change detection studies remain relatively rare (Loveland et al., 2002;
Rogan et al., 2004).
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131
Numerous researchers have addressed the problem of accurately
monitoring LULC change in wide applications with greater success
(Muchoney and Haack, 1994; Chan et al., 2001). One of the most definite
reason is that a wide variety of digital change detection techniques and
algorithm have been developed and manipulated over last decade
commensurate with the fast-pace advancement of RS technology with spatial,
spectral, thematic and temporal properties. They can be broadly divided into
two which are pre-classification spectral change detection or post-
classification methods (Nelson 1983, Pilon et al. 1988, Singh 1989). The
simplest rule separates LULC changes that are categorical versus those that
are continuous (Abuelgasim et al., 1999). Basically, the detection of
categorical and continuous changes are also known as post-classification and
pre-classification method respectively. In case of post classification change
detection, two multi-temporal images are classified separately and labelled
with proper attributes. The area of change is then extracted through the direct
comparison after obtaining the classification results (Colwell and Weber 1981,
Howarth and Wickware 1981). With the post-classification methods basic
issues are the accuracies of the component classifications and more subtle
issues associated with the sensors and data preprocessing methods
(Khorram, 1999). Though it avoids the difficulties in change detection, it has
significant limitations because the comparison of land cover classifications for
temporal images does not allow the detection of subtle changes within land
cover classes (Macleod and Congalton, 1998). Owojori and Xie (2005) have
shown the example of post classification in the study demonstrated the
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132
potential for accurate LULC change assessment with advanced atmospheric
correction and object-oriented image analysis using medium resolution
satellite data (Landsat TM).Pre-classification technique, where changes occur
in the amount or concentration of some attribute that can be continuously
measured (Coppin and Bauer, 1996). Image differencing (one of the most
common pre-classification methods) is the most commonly used change
detection algorithm (Singh, 1989). It involves subtracting one date of imagery
from a second date that has been precisely registered to the first. According
to recent research, image differencing emerges to perform generally better
than other methods of pre-classification change detection (Coppin & Bauer,
1996). Maryna Rymasheuskaya (2007) in recent study has proved that both
image differencing and post-classification comparison confirms their ability to
be used for detecting land cover changes over northern Belarusian
landscapes. The present study allows estimating the amount of changes
occurred at the study area.
5.2 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER
(1970, 2001, 2004 & 2008) :
Land Use and Land Cover:
The land use characteristics of the study unit exhibit two distinct
patterns- one is specific or defined land use and the other is mixed land use.
Defined land use is predominant in city areas of Hindwadi, Angol, and
Tilakwadi. The central area is built up with mixed land uses of commercial,
residential and industrial activities.
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5.2.0 Agricultural Land:
It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of
food and cash crops Table- 5.1: Land Use and Land Cover in 1970 food
grains. It comprises land under crop (irrigated and unirrigated), fallow,
plantations etc. The agricultural land shows a positive change i.e. the area
under agricultural land is increasing, it was 66.48 Sq. kms. in 1970, it
increased to 80.05 sq. kms. in 2001, in 2004 it covered 86.35 sq. kms. and in
2008 it covered 90.72 sq. kms. of the total study unit. There is a marked
absence of this land use in the central part of the study area mainly due to the
dominance of urban built up. Most of the cropland is Kharif which includes
standing crops during June to September months. It coincides with the south-
west monsoon season. Rabi crops are seen in few pockets in scattered
pattern. This includes standing crops during October to march months. Zade
crops are seen along the margins of the city boundaries.
In 1970, area including a vast belt from west to east in between old city
and Shahpur was under agricultural use. As the population increased the
built up land started to occupying the agricultural land. Now most of the
agriculture land is seen at the outskirts of the city. A vast belt from west to
east in between old city and Shahapur, Vadagaon, Majagaon, Angol area and
M.M extension, Kuduchi, Alward and Khasbhag area cover very small portion
of agricultural land. The available agricultural land around the city, is used for
raising different crops, mainly paddy, jowar, pulses and vegetables etc. At
present in the agricultural land paddy and vegetables are grown in large scale
and city enjoys all types of vegetables.
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Table- 5.1: Land Use and Land Cover in 1970 & 2001
1970 2001
LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms. Percentage Area in
Sq.Kms. Percentage
Agricultural Land 66.48 28.72 80.05 34.58
Built-Up 15.90 6.87 38.89 16.8
Vegetated Area 47.92 20.7 36.64 15.83
Others 0.64 0.28 12.59 5.44
Wasteland 72.10 31.14 37.29 16.11
Railway & Roads 4.88 2.11 9.21 3.98
Water bodies 23.59 10.19 19.05 8.23
Total 231.51 100 231.51 100
Source : Computed by the researcher
LANDUSE AND LAND COVER IN 1970 AND 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Agricultural Land
Built-Up Vegetated Area
Others Wasteland Railway & Roads
Water bodies
28.72
6.87
20.7
0.28
31.14
2.11
10.19
34.58
16.8 15.83
5.44
16.11
3.98
8.23
1970 2001
Fig : 5.2
Chapter-V
135
The area is low lying and marshy due to the unlined Nalas passing
through the area. Paddy and vegetables are grown in this land. Since the
land is conveniently located there is an increasing demand for urban
development.
Perishable goods :
Vegetable are produced in large quantities in the villages around
Belgaum. Belgaum is the market centre for selling the vegetables. On
Saturday, the market day in Belgaum, a large number of villagers commute to
the city from all directions for selling vegetables, grain, butter, fodder, grass
etc., the main centre of selling these items are as follows;
Main market centre for these are,
1. Shani temple road (Rule Market) and Ganapathi Galli.
2. Laxmi Market.
3. Kotwal galli.
4. Shahapur- Khade Bazar, Saraf Galli, Dane Galli, Khasbag.
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136
Table 5.2: Land Use and Land Cover 2004
LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms Percentage
Agricultural Land 86.35 37.30
Built-Up 47.55 20.54
Vegetated Area 32.11 13.87
Others 15.39 6.65
Wasteland 16.78 7.25
Railway & Roads 13.54 5.85
Water bodies 17.36 7.5
Total 231.51 100
Source : Computed by the researcher
FIG : 5.3
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137
Table 5.3: Land use and Land Cover 2008
LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms Percentage
Agricultural Land 90.72 39.19
Built-Up 51.95 22.44
Vegetated Area 30.07 12.99
Others 19.90 8.6
Wasteland 15.34 6.63
Railway & Roads 11.92 5.15
Water bodies 11.57 5.0
Total 231.51 100
Source : Computed by the researcher
Fig : 5.4
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138
All these areas are flooded with the vendors on market day. About
4000 vendors actually sit on the roads and sell the vegetables and other
articles. There is no market facility, hence, the city municipal council has
constructed a few stalls in selected centres. Laxmi market and shahpur, which
are quite insufficient to provide accommodation to the regular vendors. It is
therefore, necessary to construct markets at selective places and organize
smooth selling of vegetables.
5.2.1 Built –Up:
The supervised classification shows that there is a positive increase in
the built up land during the study period. The total area under built up was
15.90 sq. kms in 1970 which increased to 38.89 sq. kms in 2001, in 2004 it
increased to 47.55 sq. kms and in 2008 it covered an area of 51.95 sq. kms.
By the year 2004 Belgaum city area physically expanded and covered
nearly 48.0 sq. Kms. The built up area increased. Commercial as well as
educational factors were dominating forces behind the growth of the city. The
residential areas or built-up area has almost filled up at the centre of the city.
Roads got renovated; especially the roads joining CBD were converted to
metalled roads. The Airport road was almost ready by this time connecting the
Airport to core of the city and Bus stand. The vacant land towards south west
of CBD was occupied for built up purpose. The core of the city is very thickly
crowded and mixed with various functions like residential, commercial,
industrial public and semi public uses. Darbar Galli, Ganapati Galli, Shetti
Galli, Ravivar Peth, Basti Galli, Maruthi Galli, Gondhali Galli, Kadolkar Galli,
Chapter-V
139
as well as Shahpur and Khasbag area are very thick residential areas of the
city.
The city enjoys well developed planned residential area which are
confined to Bhagya Nagar, Chennamma Nagar, Nanawadi Nargundgakar
Colony in the south Guruprasad Colony, Swami Vivekanand Nagarin and
Sadashiv Nagar and Vinayk Nagar in the west Hanuman Nagar, TV Center
Vishweswarayya Nagar and Sadashiv Nagar in the North western part of the
city, Nehru Nagar Vaibhav Nagar, Yamanapur Basavankol Muttenhatti, Indal
Colony. Ramtirth located in the North and Mal Maruti Extension area. It
includes Mahantesh Nagar, Anjaneya Nagar, Rukmini Nagar and Kuduchi and
Alarwad in the west. The suburban areas like Kanbargi, Kuduchi, Alarwad and
Yamnapur, which are merged recently in the corporate area of Belgaum city.
At present there are two marked industrial complexes - one is the aluminium
factory at the extreme north eastern end of the city and the other is industrial
estate at the extreme south west end of the city. Other small industrial units
are scattered all over the city. Autogarages and repair works are
concentrated along the national highway between the bus stand and
Sambhaji road cross. Repair works are also seen in temporary sheds on Hans
Talkies road. Wood working industries are concentrated on Khanapur road
and also on national highway. The wood working industries are also seen in
the residential areas of Tilakwadi, and between fort road and Mahadwar road.
The house hold industries like measing utensil making are found in Shahpur,
Hosur, Vadagaon areas are centres of hosiery units. These units with simple
devices are found in residential houses as cottage industries. It is found that,
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there are as many as 4000 power looms in these area and most of them
installed in dwelling houses. Engineering industries, foundries, and
manufacturing industries are found in the industrial estate. Thus it is
observed that, the small scale industrial units are scattered in the city without
proper zoning. In the city there are 12 Degree colleges, 7 Medical Colleges,
(including Nursing, Dental, Ayurvedic & Homeopathic) 3 Engineering colleges,
5 Business Management colleges, 5 Diploma colleges, 12 Educational
Colleges (B.Ed.) 13 P.U. colleges, 52 Secondary Schools, 123 Primary
schools, and 38 Nursery schools. Commissioners offices, Courts, LIC offices,
Police Head Quarter, Chief Engineer Offices, K.S.R.T.C. Divisional offices,
Divisional forest office, P.W.D. offices, Town Planning office, Post and
Telegraph Office, Railway Offices, C.B office, power houses etc are located in
the central part of the city. The Department of mines and geology office
located in Hindwadi and Tilakwadi areas. Town planning office in Sadashiv
Nagar K.P.S.C. office in Mahantesh Nagar areas. Since there is no common
office in the city and some decentralized some offices by Government of
Karnataka are scattered in the different part of the city due to non availability
of own buildings and office should be concentrated in one place of the city.
5.2.2 Roads and Railways :
Major transportation routes and areas greatly influence other land
uses, and many land use boundaries are outlined by them in the study unit.
The type and extent of transportation facilities in a locality determine the
degree of access and affect both the present and potential use of the area.
Highways and Railways are characterized by areas of activity connected in
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141
linear patterns. The highways include rights-of-way, areas used for
interchanges, and service and terminal facilities. Rail facilities include stations,
parking lots, roundhouses, repair and switching yards, and related areas.
In the study unit roads and railways show a positive growth. The total
area under this category was 4.88 sq.kms in 1970, which increased to 9.21
sq.kms in 2001, 13.54 sq.kms in 2004 and 11.92 sq.kms in 2008.
In belgaum city roads which are suitable for vehicular traffic are on
NH4, NH4A Tilakwadi, Vadagaon road, Venugrla road, Bagalkot road,
Bauxite carrying road, Mahantesh Nagar road, College road, Hindwadi road,
Guntmal, Vijaynagar road etc are the important road, where the entire city
enjoys worthy and mass transportation. The rest of the roads in the city are
very narrow, irregular and have intersections.
Highways:
Two national highways i.e. Poona Bangalore road (NH4) and Belgaum
Panaji road (NH4A) pass through Belgaum city. The city is inter spread on
either side and between these two highways. Running across the national
highways is the Vengurla Bagalkot State Highway. The two national highways
traverse through developed areas of the city and with heavy traffic moving on
them function as intercity roads also. The state highway running east west
along the northern part of the city proper takes comparatively less of the city
traffic. The relation of these highways, with important internal roads of the city
is nit well defined and orderly. The central business area is bounded by these
highways on north east and the west. But there is no regular internal roads
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142
worthy of fast moving regional traffic as well as city traffic. However, in order
to have speedy movement of regional traffic a bye pass for NH4 has been
constructed away along the eastern boundary of the city proper. There is no
direct through fare connecting the Poona Bangalore road (NH4) and Belgaum
Panji road (NH4A).
Internal road pattern:
The road pattern in central business area represent organic growth.
Khade bazaar road is the main road in the central area running in east west
direction connecting Poona Bangalore road and Belgaum Panaji road.
Ganapat Galli from Maruthi Galli cross to Kittur Rani Channamma circle is
another important road running through the central area in north south
direction. Other roads are feeder roads running parallel to the main roads of
Khade bazaar and Ganapathi Galli. All these roads which were suitable for
bullock carts are no more fit for vehicular traffic. The feeder roads i.e. lanes
are not only very narrow but are of varying widths, shapes bends causing
great inconvenience to the vehicular traffic. These bottle necks are felt much
particularly on Saturday, the bazaar day when streets in the central area is
worthy of regional traffic.
The city has one railway station the rail facility belongs to south central
railways; it connects the city with major cities like Pune and Bangalore. The
railway station is ideally located in between Tilakwadi and the old city. But the
railway line runs across the congested area of the old city, Tilakwadi, Angol
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143
areas are experiencing many level crossings. Due to this traffic jams are very
common in the city.
5.3.3 Vegetation Cover:
Vegetation cover has been defined as land where the potential natural
vegetation is predominantly trees, grasses, grasslike plants, shrubs. The
forests of this area may be roughly divided into moist and dry, the dry lying
east of the Poona-Dharward road and including the forest area of Chikodi,
Sampgaon and Gokak and the moist lying west of the Poona-Dhwarwar road,
including the forests of Belgaum and Khanapur.
The vegetation cover shows a negative growth in terms of area. In the
year 1970 the total area covered by vegetation was 47.92 sq. kms. which
reduced to 36.64 sq. Kms. in 2001, in the year 2004 it covered an area of
32.11 Sq. Kms. and in the year2008 it reduced to an extent of 30.07 Sq. Kms.
144
LAND USE AND LAND COVER ANALYSIS
Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 1970 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2001 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Bel gaum City - 2004
Fig.5.5
145
LAND USE AND LAND COVER ANALYSIS
Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2008 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2010
Fig.Fig.5.6
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146
During 1970 the vegetation cover was on two belts, one in northern
part and the other running in north south direction in the western part of the
study unit. There is absence of vegetation cover in central part of the study
unit. In the year 2001 the belt which was running in north south direction, it is
occupied by built up and agricultural lands. Further in the year 2004 and 2005
the vegetation area decreased and most of its area is covered by built up
land. Yet the canopy of the trees which are on road side look like thick
vegetation.
5.2.4 Water Bodies:
The class comprises areas of surface water either impounded in the
form of lake and reservoirs or flowing streams, river, cannels etc. There are
few major streams flowing in study unit which are Bellary nala and Lendi nala.
These are clearly seen on satellite false colour composition imagery in blue
colour. Bellary nala and Lendi nala are flow across Belgaum city. They serve
as drainage courses where sewage and other wastewater of the city are led.
Other water bodies of the city are Kotokeri tank (Killa talav), jakkeri tank,
Cantonment tank and Angol Tank. The Lendi nala separates the cantonment
and the civil area flows in the south eastern direction ultimately joining the
Bellary nala, Kottikeri tanks in the north and Jakkery tank, Cantonment tank,
Angol tank in the city have a large command area. Most of the tank water
bodies are used for the purpose of drinking water for animals, washing
purposes and agricultural uses (which are in small patches) in the city. During
the rainy season the tanks are almost filled with water and supply water to the
city sufficiently.
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147
The total area covered by water bodies in 1970 was 23.59 sq. kms.
which reduced to 19.05 sq. kms. in 2001 and in the year 2004 it covered only
17.36 sq. Kms .In the year 2008 water bodies reduced to 11.57sq.kms which
is a negative growth.
5.2.5 Waste Land:
Waste lands are described as, degraded lands which can be brought
under vegetative cover or under built up area.
The total area under waste land is estimated of about 72.10 sq. kms in
1970, which reduced to 37.29 sq. kms in 2001, and it was 16.78 sq. kms in
2004. It decreased further to 15.34 sq. kms. In 2008 In the year 1970 waste
land was found in northern part, eastern part and in an elongated belt running
north – south in the western part of the city. But in the year 2008 it is seen in
pockets scattered in the area of Mutenahatti, Kudachi Akarwad, Ramateerth a
Laxmi Tekadi areas.
5.2.6 Others:
All other land use and Land cover conditions not included in any of the
classes described earlier and that are either area specific or with limited Ariel
extend in the overall context of the total geographical area of the study unit
are included under this category. This includes Tree groves, mixed vegetation
and habitation with vegetation. Others land use area shows positive increase
during the study period. The landuse under this type was 0.64 sq. kms in
1970. It increased to 12.59 sq. kms, in 2001. Further it increased to 15.39
sq.kms in 2004 and presently the area under these category 19.90 sq.kms of
area.
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148
5.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER IN 2010:
5.3.0 Agricultural land :
There is a marked absence of this land-use in the central part of the
study area, mainly due to the dominance of urban built up. The First level of
classification is sub – divided into three second level of classification and
further into five sub categories as third level of classification (Table 5.4). Most
of the cropped land is kharif which includes standing crops during June to
September months. It coincides with the south-west monsoon season. It is
associated with dry land farming, limited irrigating and areas of rain fed paddy
and other dry crops. Rabi crops are seen in few pockets in a scattered
pattern. This includes standing crops from October to March. Double crops
are seen along the margins of the study area and along the city boundaries.
This includes standing crops during both kharif and Rabi seasons. The
spectral
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149
Table 5.4: Land use and Land Cover 2010
LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms Percentage
Agricultural Land 99.50 42.98
Built-Up 58.13 25.11
Vegetated Area 16.22 7.01
Others 18.05 7.8
Wasteland 14.35 6.2
Railway & Roads 15.88 6.86
Water bodies 9.26 4.01
Total 231.51 100
Fig : 5.7
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150
The total land of this category of the city and its surrounding is
classified based on regional characteristics. Belgaum city and its area of
dominance land use/ land cover is categorized into three levels of
classification categories.
Table-5.5 : Land Use and Land Cover Classification
Level-I Level-II Level-III
1.Agricultural
Land
1.1 Crop Land
1.2 Fallow land
1.3 Agricultural plantation
1.1.1 Kharif +Rabi (Double Crop)
1.1.2 Kharif Crop
1.1.3 Fallow Land
1.1.4 Rabi crop
1.1.5 Agricultural Plantation.
2.Built-Up land 2.1 Industrial Area
2.2 Towns/Cities
2.1.1 Industrial Area
2.2.1 Towns/Cities
2.2.2 Village
3. Forest 3.1 Scrub forest
3.1.1 Scrub Forest
3.1.2 Degraded Forest
4.Others 4.1 Tree Groves
4.2 Mixed Vegetation
4.1.1 Tree Groves
4.2.1 Mixed Vegetation
4.2.2 Habitation with vegetation
5.Wasteland 5.1 Waste land with scrub
5.2 Barren Rocky/Stony waste/
Sheet rock Area
5.1.1 Waste land with scrub
5.2.1 BarrenRocky/Stony waste/
Sheet rock Area
6. Water bodies 6.1 Lake/Tanks 6.1.1 Dry tanks
6.1.2 Perennial tanks
Chapter-V
151
LAND USE AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION 2010
Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-I Classification)
Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-II Classification)
Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-III Classification)
Fig.5.8
Chapter-V
152
Next to agricultural crop land is dominated by plantations. They are
found more in the East, North and South East. Lands which are taken up for
agriculture but temporarily allowed to rest, un cropped for one or more
seasons, but less than one year, is termed as fallow lands. These lands are
particularly those which are seen devoid of crops at the time when the
imagery is taken of both the seasons. Thus these are seen only in few
pockets in the East and South near the city. Less than one-fourth of the
agricultural area is in the form of plantation lands and very negligible spread
of fallow land is seen. The plantations are of Mango, Sapota, Guva and
Graphes which are demanded crops of the city and Goa.
5.3.1 Built up land:
Areas of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and
that which has a cover of buildings, transport and communication, utilities in
association with water, vegetation are classified as built up. All man made
constructions covering the land surface are included under this category.
Their shape and high reflectivity differentiate them from other classes.
Enhancement techniques and band combination helps in segregation of
different parcels. The built up area is further divided into three divisions as
second level and third level of classification (Table 5.4). The built up appears
in greenish blue tint in the imagery. They were further classified as villages
and towns according to the BUDA (Belgaum Urban Development Authority)
declaration. Thus town or city is found in the centre of the study area covering
most of the CBD (Central Business District) region. The total area covered by
Chapter-V
153
built upland is 58.13 sq. kms. (25.11%). The important residential areas in the
city are M.Vadagoan, Angol, Majagoan, Shahpur, Hindwadi, Bhayanagar,
Tilakwadi, R.C.Nagar, T.V. centre, Jadhav Nagar, Hunaman Nagar,
Sadashivnagar, Nehru Nagar and M.M.Extension.
5.3.2 Vegetation cover:
The total vegetation cover is estimated of about 16.22 sq. kms.
(7.01%). The vegetation cover is further sub-divided into two categories in
level II and three categories in level III classification. The dry vegetation cover
lies east of the Poona-Dharwad road and includes the forest area of Chikodi,
Sampgoon and Gokak. The moist vegetated area lies west of the Poona-
Dharwad road, including the forests of Belgaum and Khanapur.
5.3.3 Others:
All other land-use/land-cover conditions not included in any of the
classes described earlier that is either an area specific or with limited areal
extent in the overall context of total geographical area is included in this
category. This is further categorised into three categories as second level of
classification and further classified into three categories as third level of
classification. Here the mixture of scattered vegetation is included in this
category. These are found in combination with the scrub land mostly in the
Northern part of Belgaum. The total area covered by this category is 18.05 sq.
kms. (7.8%).
Chapter-V
154
5.3.4 Wastelands:
This category consists of barren/rocky/stony/sheet rock area and land
with scrubs. The forms of land which add up to waste lands are
barren/rocky/stony/sheet rock area. These are lands characterized by
exposed massive rocks, sheet rocks, stony pavements or lands with
excessive surface accumulation of stones that render them unsuitable for
producing any green biomass, most of the Belgaum’s wasteland is this kind of
land. Land with scrubs represent areas bearing association with vegetation
cover. The total area covered is 14.35 sq. kms. (6.2%). Because of scarcity of
land within the city will be used for residential purpose.
5.3.5 Water bodies:
This class comprises surface waters either impound in the form of
ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as rivers, streams, canals etc. A stream
is a natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite
channel. It may be seasonal or perennial. The total Study unit is covered by
tanks. The total area under water bodies is 9.26 sq. kms. (4.01%).
5.4 LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS (PHASE
WISE) :
Land use / land cover (LULC) change detection based on remote
sensing data has been established as an indispensible tool for providing
suitable and wide-ranging information to various decision support sys tems for
natural resource management and sustainable development. LULC change is
one of the major influencing factor for the change of landscape. There are
Chapter-V
155
many change detection techniques developed over decades, in practice, it is
still difficult to develop a suitable change detection method especially in case
of urban and urban fringe areas where several impacts of complex factors are
found including rapid changes from rural land uses to residential, commercial,
industrial and recreational uses.
The present change analysis is carried out in two phases. Phase-I
analysis: the changes occurred during the period of 1970 to 2004, and Phase-
II is concerning to the period of 2004 to 2010.
5.4.0 Phase I - Change Analysis 1970-2004
The period of change analysis was divided into two epochs based on
the change characteristics; the first epoch covers a period of Thirty four years
(1970-2004) while the second epoch covers a period of Six years 2004 to
2010.The dynamics of land use/land cover change pattern have been
identified by using the Survey of India Toposheets and multi-temporal satellite
images of 1970, 2004 and 2010 on a GIS platform.
The study area covers an area of 231.51 Sq.Kms. During the phase–I
(1970-2004) Positive changes are marked in the use of Agriculture, Built–up,
Roads & Railways and Other land use and Land cover categories (Fig 5.9 &
5.10). The estimated calculation shows that the total area under agriculture
was 66.48 Sq.Kms in 1970 which increased to an extent of 86.35 Sq.Kms in
2004. Normally the trend for agricultural area shows negative growth as the
built-up areas increases and occupies the agricultural areas. But in this study
along with the growth of built–up, there is growth in Agriculture land use too.
Chapter-V
156
This is because the study unit is not confined to city limits it also covers forty
villages around it. The Built – up area increased from 15.90 Sq. Kms in 1970
to 47.55 Sq.Kms in 2004 (Table-5.6). The major change is seen in the urban
sprawl also. The Roads & Railway increased to 4% by 2004. The others
category increased by 6% (Table-5.6).
The urban development has taken place predominantly in south west
and north east direction, up to industrial estate along Khanapur road on south
west and on north east up to aluminium factory. Development on east has
been conspicuously obstructed by the cantonment area where place of urban
development is far slow. On the east of national high way, Vast areas of good
agricultural lands have obstructed the urban development activities.
In any urban studies negative change is inevitable. The fields of
vegetation, wasteland and water bodies show a negative growth.
Chapter-V
157
Table.5.6: Phase-I Change Analysis 1970-2004 (A Period of Thirty four years)
LULC Categories
1970 Area in Sq. Kms. Percentage 2004 Area
in Sq. Kms Percentage Change
Agricultural Land
66.48 28.72 86.35 37.30 +
Built-up 15.90 6.87 47.55 20.54 +
Vegetated Area
47.92 20.7 32.11 13.87 -
Others 0.64 0.28 15.39 6.65 +
Wasteland 72.10 31.14 16.78 7.25 -
Railway & Roads
4.88 2.11 13.54 5.85 +
Water bodies
23.59 10.19 17.36 7.5 -
Total 231.51 100 231.51 100
Source : Computed by Research based on Satellite imagery
Chapter-V
158
Change Analysis – 1970 to 2004Positive Changes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Agricultural Land
1970
2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
Built-Up
1970
2004
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Railway & Roads
1970
2004
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Others
1970
2004
Change Analysis – 1970 to 2004Negative Changes
0
5
10
15
20
25
Vegetated Area
1970
2004
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Wasteland
1970
2004
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Water bodies
1970
2004
Fig : 5.9
Chapter-V
159
CHANGE ANALYSIS 1970-2004
Change Analysis 1970-2004 (Positive Change)
Change Analysis 1970-2004 (Negative Change)
Fig.5.10
Chapter-V
160
The vegetation cover was 47.91Sq.Kms in 1970 which decreased to
31.11 Sq.Kms in 2004.Most of the vegetated areas towards the north –
western and southern parts have undergone change. Most of this area is
converted by the village people for agricultural purpose.
Waste land also shows negative growth. The total area under waste
land was 72.10 Sq.Kms in 1970 which decreased to 16.78 Sq.Kms in
2004(Table 5.6).The decrease in wasteland is considered as healthy sign as
the waste land is utilised for one or the other purpose. The two main
categories which occupy the waste land is built-up and agriculture. The water
bodies also show a negative growth. The water body area decreased from
10.19% in 1970 to 7.5% in 2004. Much of the areas of water body ponds is
used for residential purpose.
5.4.1 Phase II - Change Analysis 2004-2010
The second phase shows the changes occurred during 2004 to 2010.
This period follows the same pattern of changes as in the first phase.
Agricultural land, Built-up, Roads and Railway and Others show a positive
change and Vegetation cover, wasteland and water bodies show a negative
change (Fig 5.8). There is increase in Agricultural land .it was 86.35 Sq.Kms
in 2004 and increased to 99.50 Sq.Kms in 2010. Built –up area was 47.55
Sq.Kms in 2004 it increased to 58.13 Sq.Kms in 2010 (Table 5.7). The trend
and extent of urban change is likely to continue with the rapid development of
infrastructure. Roads and railway increased by 2% whereas other category
increased by 1%. The comparison of land use and Land cover between 2004
Chapter-V
161
and 2010 shows changes in terms of greenery loss and loss of water bodies.
Vegetation cover decreased from 32.11 Sq.kms to 16.22 Sq.Kms. It also
depicts that the loss are converted into built- up environs, attributing to the
urban sprawl and encroachments of urban built-up structures. Waste land
occupied 16.78 Sq.Kms in 2004 and was reduced to 14.35 Sq.Kms in 2010.
Water bodies covered 17.36 Sq.Kms in 2004 and decreased to 9.26 Sq.Kms
in 2010 (Fig. 5.12).
The urban development in Belgaum city has shaped and reshaped the
following general patterns.
Ø Heavy concentration in care of the city area.
Ø Auto mobile industrial activities along the national highway No.4.
Ø Confinement of growth on east and west.
Ø Relative lack of growth to immediately south of the railway line.
Ø Predominantly unidirectional growth in north east and south west
direction.
Ø Educational institutions in northern direction eg. Kitture Rani
Channamma University, 16 kms from city.
Chapter-V
162
Table.5.7: Phase-II Change Analysis 2004-2010 (For a period of six years)
LULC Categories
1970 Area in Sq. Kms. Percentage 2004 Area
in Sq. Kms Percentage Change
Agricultural Land
86.35 37.30 99.50 42.98 +
Built-up 47.55 20.54 58.13 25.11 +
Vegetated Area
32.11 13.87 16.22 7.01 -
Others 15.39 6.65 18.05 7.8 +
Wasteland 16.78 7.25 14.35 6.2 -
Railway & Roads
13.54 5.85 15.88 6.86 +
Water bodies
17.36 7.5 9.26 4.01 -
Total 231.51 100 231.51 100
Source : Computed by Research based on Satellite imagery
Chapter-V
163
Change Analysis – 2004 to 2010Positive Changes
34
36
38
40
42
44
Agricultural Land
2004
2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Built-Up
2004
2010
5.25.45.65.8
66.26.46.66.8
7
Railway & Roads
2004
2010
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
Others
20042010
Change Analysis – 2004 to 2010Negative Changes
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Vegetated Area
2004
2010
0
1
2
34
5
6
7
8
Water bodies
2004
2010
5.6
5.8
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
Wasteland
2004
2010
Fig : 5.11
Chapter-V
164
CHANGE ANALYSIS 2004-2010 Change Analysis 2004-2010
(Positive Change) Change Analysis 2004-2010
(Negative Change)
Fig.5.12
Chapter-V
165
5.5 CHANGE OF LANDUSE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE :
C.B.D. is a particular part of any urban centre which is unique in its
specialized land use and has distinct functions and is generally different from
all other parts of the city. In the field of urban geography, such portion of the
city is commonly called the Central Business District. It is actually one of the
alternative name for central tropic district, central commercial district, down
town business district. In India the term CBD is generally accepted and
commonly used by urban geographer, which is usually concentrated at the
core of the city.
The important characteristics of core of the Belgaum are:
Ø Main Market Centre comprises all kinds of central services which
supply the city an area of great intensity of land use of different
functions.
Ø The great concentration of offices, retail stores, heavy traffic, high land
values and tall building are met with.
Ø Core of the city locality intersections of principles streets and its
structure is dynamic and mobile.
Ø Conversion of residential land into commercial uses / multi purposes.
As a result, a distinction in the central area and the central business
district is easier to make in theory than in practice. In recently thought market
centres are developed in the study unit here and there, yet the central area of
the city has retained its value as all commercial activities are going on. Since,
Chapter-V
166
the study unit district head quarters and divisional head quarters is located in
a strategic point. From the point of commercial activities, this area dominates
its hinterland. Some specialized items are served throughout the state like
automobile, leather goods clothing, vegetable etc.
5.5.0 Change in Land Use in CBD:
The survey on CBD to study its structural characteristics to some
extents lead to some interesting results. Though the boundaries of the C.B.D
may not be permanent and zonal for any particular time. Most of the
Geographers, Sociologists and other academicians who have focused upon
the C.B.D have also dealt with it incidentally and have relied in case of each
city upon local judgment as to the extent of the district. After preparing the
land use map of Belgaum, the C.B.D survey has been conducted in the
present study on the basis of the intensity of commercial activity, highest land
values, high amount of movement of population and high business activities.
Here an attempt has been made to examine horizontal structure and
characteristics of C.B.D. of Belgaum city.
The central business District which lies in the central of the city, forms
the heart of the city. The present locations of C.B.D. are surrounded by D.C.
compound in the north, Kapileshwar road cantonment in the west and central
bus stand in the east. The C.B.D. practically controls the business and
commercial activities. 75 % of the commercial establishment of the city are
concentrated in this locality, attracting large number of buyers and sellers
from its hinterland also. The land use change in commercial area shows
Chapter-V
167
physical expansion. The area covered by C.B.D. was 0.27 Sq.Kms, which
increased to 0.73 Sq.Kms by 2004 and presently in 2010 it occupies an area
of 0.98 Sq.Kms.(Fig.5.13).
The area of C.B.D. being a 0.98 sq Kms meets about 80% of needs of
consumable goods of surroundings from the countryside, which accounts
approximately to 75% trade of the city.
Chapter-V
168
LAND USE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE CDB
Change of Land Use for Commercial Purpose (1970, 2004 and 2010)
Central Business District
Fig.5.13
Chapter-V
169
5.5.1 The Building Structure and Ownership in C.B.D.:
The study reveals that more than 70 % of buildings are built with
concrete and 30% with lateritic materials. There are about 2813 rented shops
and 2225 rented houses in C.B.D. There are 1037 owned shops and 4874
owned houses.*
In Belgaum city, people have sold out their houses for higher price and
shifted to extension areas of the city due to high price and to have better
environmental condition. This is also one of the causes for special. These
people have started their main occupations in the outskirts area.
5.5.2 CBD Functional Categories by Blocks:
The table no 5.9 and Fig No.5.14 shows the functional character sticks
of C.B.D. in different blocks. It is evident from the table that retailing and
services are important commercial activities in C.B.D. Though its importance
and intensity varies from blocks to blocks, wholesale activity is prominent only
in blocks no IV and V comprising old wholesale market areas of city (i.e.
Ganapat Galli, Raviwar Peth and Bendi Bazar markets) These areas account
nearly about 86% of total wholesaling market transaction of the city. All other
blocks do not have any significant wholesaling activity. Few manufacturing
units are found in the block No IV (i.e. Fort road). Automobile industries have
been shifted to Kanbargi industries area.
* Belgaum Municipal Office.
Chapter-V
170
Table: 5.8 CBD Functional Categorization by Blocks
CBD Blocks
No
. of R
etai
l Sh
op
s &
S
ervi
ces
No.
of w
hole
sa
le S
ho
ps
No
. of O
ffic
es
No
. of M
anu
fact
uri
ng
U
nit
s
No
. of P
erso
nal
se
rvic
es s
ho
ps
No
. of
Pu
b &
en
tert
ain
men
t B
uild
ing
s
I 790 82 2 - 32 18
II 472 24 4 1 28 12
III 778 28 8 - 28 6
IV 632 312 2 - 34 12
V 750 410 - 2 24 16
3422 856 16 3 140 64
Source: Municipal Corporation & Field Survey 2011
Recently personal services like hair dressing, tailoring, pharmacies are
distributed more or less uniformly in all blocks of CBD Block no III and IV has
concentration of administrative offices and Block no IV comprises areas of
District communise house, Court Divisional Commissioner offices Z.P. office
CADA and other offices.
5.5.3 The Business Characteristics of C.B.D.
The geographical area of C.B.D is about being a 0.98 sq kms, which
account to 75 % of the total commercial activities of the city. But the
morphology of C.B.D exhibits unplanned structure of shopping complexes.
Streets in shopping area are very narrow and many shops are too small to
Chapter-V
171
handle bulk quantities of goods. Parts of the wholesale business in grain and
even vegetable selling are found in relatively smaller area of Raviwarpeth and
Market areas. Wholesale and retail vegetable selling is one of the main
reasons for congestion in the C.B.D. area. On Saturday which is the market
day, the vendors selling is one of the main cause for congestion in the C.B.D.
area. On Saturday which is the market day the vendors squat all along the
important street such as Ganaptii Galli, Khade Bazar, Raviwar Peth, Market
Road, Bendi Bazar, and also Saraf Galli, Dane Galli, Ganapati Galli,
Kakatives etc. On the other hand, the mutton markets and fish markets in the
Kasai Galli created unhealthy and unhygienic condition in the central part of
the city.
The increasing land values in the C.B.D. are giving greater scope to
convert the residential buildings into commercial centres. A detailed study of
C.B.D reveals that the morphology of C.B.D is very complex and congested in
nature. The discussion shows hat it has to be planned with a view of
systematic market provision in the city.
Chapter-V
172
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