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5.0 INTRODUCTION :

Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) changes are affected by human

intervention and natural phenomena such as agricultural demand and trade,

population growth and consumption patterns, urbanization and economic

development, science and technology, and other factors (Research on Land

use change & Agriculture, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis,

2007). As a consequence, information about LULC is essential for any kind of

natural resource management and action planning. Timely and precise

information about LULC change detection of earth’s surface is extremely

important for understanding relationships and interactions between human

and natural phenomena for better management of decision making (Lu et al.,

2004). There is a continuing demand for accurate and up-to-date LULC

information for any kind of sustainable development programme where LULC

serves as one of the major input criteria. As a result, the importance of

properly mapping LULC and its change as well as updating it through time

has been acknowledged by many research workers for decision making

activities; as for example, application of land cover change in urban

environment by Deng et al., (2005).

Human alterations of the terrestrial surface of the earth are

unprecedented in their pace, magnitude and spatial reach, of these, none are

more important than changes in land cover and land use (Turner II, B.L., W.B.

Mayer, and D.L. Skole, 1994). Though land use changes are indirect

consequence of national economic growth, it is important to evaluate land use

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changes in the regional and the local context in order to assist in anticipating

the impacts associated with change and contribute to an understanding of

productive environmental sustainability (Laymon, C., 2003).

5.1 ROLE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN LAND USE AND LAND

COVER ANALYSIS:

“Remote Sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about

an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a

device that is not in contact with object, area, or phenomenon under

investigation” (Lillesand and Kiefer, 1987). It provides a large variety and

amount of data about the earth surface for detailed analysis and change

detection with the help of various space borne and airborne sensors. It

presents powerful capabilities for understanding and managing earth

resources. Remote Sensing has proved to be a very useful tool for LULC

change detection (Matinfar, Sarmadian, Panah, Heck, 2007).

A large number of change detection techniques have been developed

since the advent of the orbital system (Lillestrand 1972). Weismiller et al.

(1977) have used various RS techniques for evaluating change detection for

coastal zone environments. In 1980, Byrne, Crapper and Mayo have shown

that Landsat multispectral data can be used to identify LULC changes very

effectively.

Change detection and monitoring involve the use of several multi-data

images to evaluate the differences in LULC due to various environmental

conditions and human actions between the acquisition dates of images (Singh

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1989). Successful use of satellite images for LULC change detection depends

upon an adequate understanding of landscape features, imaging systems,

and methodology employed in relation to the aim of the analysis (Yang & Lo,

2002). Various RS data products over time have often been incorporated into

historical land use information (Acevedo, Foresman, & Buchanan, 1996).

With the availability of historical RS data, the reduction in data cost and

increased resolution from satellite platforms, RS technology appears poised to

make an even greater impact on monitoring land-cover and land-use change

(Rogan & Chen, 2004). In general, change detection of LULC involves the

interpretation and analysis of multi-temporal and multi-source satellite images

to identify temporal phenomenon or changes through a certain period of time.

RS data are the primary source for change detection in recent decades and

have made a greater impact on urban planning agencies and land

management initiatives (Yeh and Li 1999 and Lo 2002, Rogan and Chen

2004).

5.1.0 Methodology Applied:

The technological advances in remote sensing products and Digital

Image Processing software are surely blessing to analyze urban studies. The

Indian Topographic Maps of 1:50,000 scale is used as the base line data for

comparison. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Pan+LISS III imagery of 23.8

meter spatial resolution is obtained for three time periods i.e., 2001, 2004 and

2008.Multi-spectral image by digital global with 2 meter of resolution is used

for the year 2010.The classification is done for all the respective years.

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Georeferencing, subset, mosak and projection(Polyconic-Modified Everest) is

done in ERDAS 9.0 software. The change analysis is carried out in two

epochs; Phase-1 studies the transformation between 1970 and 2004 which is

inferred by comparing the topographic map and satellite imagery of the year

1970 and 2004. Phase-II change analysis is traced by comparing the satellite

imageries of 2004 and 2010. The work is divided into three stages namely,

Pre field, Field work and post field work (Fig.5.1).

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Fig.5.1

Prefield Landuse Map Generation

Satellite Data Secondary Data

Data Sources

SOURCES OF DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO ANALYZE LULC

Cadestrial Maps, Master Plan Maps and Toposheets(SOI) Scale 1:50,000

Pan+LISS III-2001,2004.2008,8- Band Global Digital-2010

Image Interpretation

Image Analysis

Detection Recognition and Identification Preparation of Base Map

Transfer of LULC Details on Base Map

Map Reproduction and Digitization

Finalised LULC Map

Report Writing

Area Estimation Through GIS Technique

Field Verification, Modification of Landuse details,Updating and Incorporation of New

Spatial Arrangement of Different Features Based on Tone, Texture, Shape, Size, Association etc.

Supervised Classification

Selection of Sample Area for Ground Truth

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5.1.1 Classification Method:

Classifying the satellite images to extract the land use / land cover

theme is the one of the major steps in this type of study. Classification is the

process of assigning classes to the pixels in images. Moreover, successful

utilization of remotely sensed data for LULC studies demands careful

selection of an appropriate data set and image processing technique(s)

(Lunetta, 1998). The most common image analysis for extracting LULC is

digital image classification. Sabins (1997) explains that image classification

techniques are most generally applied to the spectral data of a single-date

image or to the varying spectral data of a series of multi-data images. The

complexity of image classification techniques can range from the use of a

simple threshold value for a single spectral band to complex statistically

based decision rules that operate on multivariate data. The purpose of image

classification is to label the pixels in the image with the real information

(Jensen & Gorte, 2001). Through classification of RS image, thematic maps

such as the LULC can be obtained (Tso and Mather, 2001). Classification

involves labelling the pixels as belonging to particular classes using the

spectral data available.

There are two broad types of classification procedure and each finds

application in processing of RS image. One is referred to as supervised

classification and the other one is unsupervised classification. These can be

used as alternative approaches but are often combined into hybrid

methodologies using more than one method (Richards and Jia, 2006). Both

the supervised and unsupervised classification methods used for classifying

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various multispectral images which are based on so called traditional pixel-

based method which has been played a great importance for classifying low

resolution images. On the other hand, when using new generation images,

characterized by a higher spatial and spectral resolution, it is still difficult to

obtain satisfactory result (Lewinski and Zaremski, 2004).

5.1.2 Change Detection Technique:

Although coarse-spatial resolution meteorological satellite data is

available since the 1960s, civilian RS of the Earth’s surface from space at

medium spatial resolutions (i.e. 250 m) only began in 1972 with the launch of

the first of a series of Landsat Satellites (Rogan & Chen,2004). Since then a

large numbers of change detection techniques have been developed after the

launching of Landsat orbital system as described in the article titled

“Techniques for Change Detection” by Lillestrand in 1972. Many methods of

change detection have been developed to detect land cover change (Lambin

& Ehrlich, 1997; Mas, 1999; Singh, 1989), but by far the most popular is the

utilization of post classification comparison method. In spite of the numerous

evaluations of these techniques (Weismiller et al. 1977; Singh 1989;Stow,

1990), no standard techniques have yet been adopted (Macleod and

Congalton 1998) for all cases. Although the development of RS technology

has been developed dramatically within past few years, examples of effective

LULC change detection studies remain relatively rare (Loveland et al., 2002;

Rogan et al., 2004).

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Numerous researchers have addressed the problem of accurately

monitoring LULC change in wide applications with greater success

(Muchoney and Haack, 1994; Chan et al., 2001). One of the most definite

reason is that a wide variety of digital change detection techniques and

algorithm have been developed and manipulated over last decade

commensurate with the fast-pace advancement of RS technology with spatial,

spectral, thematic and temporal properties. They can be broadly divided into

two which are pre-classification spectral change detection or post-

classification methods (Nelson 1983, Pilon et al. 1988, Singh 1989). The

simplest rule separates LULC changes that are categorical versus those that

are continuous (Abuelgasim et al., 1999). Basically, the detection of

categorical and continuous changes are also known as post-classification and

pre-classification method respectively. In case of post classification change

detection, two multi-temporal images are classified separately and labelled

with proper attributes. The area of change is then extracted through the direct

comparison after obtaining the classification results (Colwell and Weber 1981,

Howarth and Wickware 1981). With the post-classification methods basic

issues are the accuracies of the component classifications and more subtle

issues associated with the sensors and data preprocessing methods

(Khorram, 1999). Though it avoids the difficulties in change detection, it has

significant limitations because the comparison of land cover classifications for

temporal images does not allow the detection of subtle changes within land

cover classes (Macleod and Congalton, 1998). Owojori and Xie (2005) have

shown the example of post classification in the study demonstrated the

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potential for accurate LULC change assessment with advanced atmospheric

correction and object-oriented image analysis using medium resolution

satellite data (Landsat TM).Pre-classification technique, where changes occur

in the amount or concentration of some attribute that can be continuously

measured (Coppin and Bauer, 1996). Image differencing (one of the most

common pre-classification methods) is the most commonly used change

detection algorithm (Singh, 1989). It involves subtracting one date of imagery

from a second date that has been precisely registered to the first. According

to recent research, image differencing emerges to perform generally better

than other methods of pre-classification change detection (Coppin & Bauer,

1996). Maryna Rymasheuskaya (2007) in recent study has proved that both

image differencing and post-classification comparison confirms their ability to

be used for detecting land cover changes over northern Belarusian

landscapes. The present study allows estimating the amount of changes

occurred at the study area.

5.2 SPATIO-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND LAND COVER

(1970, 2001, 2004 & 2008) :

Land Use and Land Cover:

The land use characteristics of the study unit exhibit two distinct

patterns- one is specific or defined land use and the other is mixed land use.

Defined land use is predominant in city areas of Hindwadi, Angol, and

Tilakwadi. The central area is built up with mixed land uses of commercial,

residential and industrial activities.

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5.2.0 Agricultural Land:

It is defined as the land primarily used for farming and for production of

food and cash crops Table- 5.1: Land Use and Land Cover in 1970 food

grains. It comprises land under crop (irrigated and unirrigated), fallow,

plantations etc. The agricultural land shows a positive change i.e. the area

under agricultural land is increasing, it was 66.48 Sq. kms. in 1970, it

increased to 80.05 sq. kms. in 2001, in 2004 it covered 86.35 sq. kms. and in

2008 it covered 90.72 sq. kms. of the total study unit. There is a marked

absence of this land use in the central part of the study area mainly due to the

dominance of urban built up. Most of the cropland is Kharif which includes

standing crops during June to September months. It coincides with the south-

west monsoon season. Rabi crops are seen in few pockets in scattered

pattern. This includes standing crops during October to march months. Zade

crops are seen along the margins of the city boundaries.

In 1970, area including a vast belt from west to east in between old city

and Shahpur was under agricultural use. As the population increased the

built up land started to occupying the agricultural land. Now most of the

agriculture land is seen at the outskirts of the city. A vast belt from west to

east in between old city and Shahapur, Vadagaon, Majagaon, Angol area and

M.M extension, Kuduchi, Alward and Khasbhag area cover very small portion

of agricultural land. The available agricultural land around the city, is used for

raising different crops, mainly paddy, jowar, pulses and vegetables etc. At

present in the agricultural land paddy and vegetables are grown in large scale

and city enjoys all types of vegetables.

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Table- 5.1: Land Use and Land Cover in 1970 & 2001

1970 2001

LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms. Percentage Area in

Sq.Kms. Percentage

Agricultural Land 66.48 28.72 80.05 34.58

Built-Up 15.90 6.87 38.89 16.8

Vegetated Area 47.92 20.7 36.64 15.83

Others 0.64 0.28 12.59 5.44

Wasteland 72.10 31.14 37.29 16.11

Railway & Roads 4.88 2.11 9.21 3.98

Water bodies 23.59 10.19 19.05 8.23

Total 231.51 100 231.51 100

Source : Computed by the researcher

LANDUSE AND LAND COVER IN 1970 AND 2001

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Agricultural Land

Built-Up Vegetated Area

Others Wasteland Railway & Roads

Water bodies

28.72

6.87

20.7

0.28

31.14

2.11

10.19

34.58

16.8 15.83

5.44

16.11

3.98

8.23

1970 2001

Fig : 5.2

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The area is low lying and marshy due to the unlined Nalas passing

through the area. Paddy and vegetables are grown in this land. Since the

land is conveniently located there is an increasing demand for urban

development.

Perishable goods :

Vegetable are produced in large quantities in the villages around

Belgaum. Belgaum is the market centre for selling the vegetables. On

Saturday, the market day in Belgaum, a large number of villagers commute to

the city from all directions for selling vegetables, grain, butter, fodder, grass

etc., the main centre of selling these items are as follows;

Main market centre for these are,

1. Shani temple road (Rule Market) and Ganapathi Galli.

2. Laxmi Market.

3. Kotwal galli.

4. Shahapur- Khade Bazar, Saraf Galli, Dane Galli, Khasbag.

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Table 5.2: Land Use and Land Cover 2004

LULC Categories Area in Sq.Kms Percentage

Agricultural Land 86.35 37.30

Built-Up 47.55 20.54

Vegetated Area 32.11 13.87

Others 15.39 6.65

Wasteland 16.78 7.25

Railway & Roads 13.54 5.85

Water bodies 17.36 7.5

Total 231.51 100


FIG : 5.3

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137

Table 5.3: Land use and Land Cover 2008



Built-Up 51.95 22.44


Others 19.90 8.6

Wasteland 15.34 6.63



Total 231.51 100


Fig : 5.4

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All these areas are flooded with the vendors on market day. About

4000 vendors actually sit on the roads and sell the vegetables and other

articles. There is no market facility, hence, the city municipal council has

constructed a few stalls in selected centres. Laxmi market and shahpur, which

are quite insufficient to provide accommodation to the regular vendors. It is

therefore, necessary to construct markets at selective places and organize

smooth selling of vegetables.

5.2.1 Built –Up:

The supervised classification shows that there is a positive increase in

the built up land during the study period. The total area under built up was

15.90 sq. kms in 1970 which increased to 38.89 sq. kms in 2001, in 2004 it

increased to 47.55 sq. kms and in 2008 it covered an area of 51.95 sq. kms.

By the year 2004 Belgaum city area physically expanded and covered

nearly 48.0 sq. Kms. The built up area increased. Commercial as well as

educational factors were dominating forces behind the growth of the city. The

residential areas or built-up area has almost filled up at the centre of the city.

Roads got renovated; especially the roads joining CBD were converted to

metalled roads. The Airport road was almost ready by this time connecting the

Airport to core of the city and Bus stand. The vacant land towards south west

of CBD was occupied for built up purpose. The core of the city is very thickly

crowded and mixed with various functions like residential, commercial,

industrial public and semi public uses. Darbar Galli, Ganapati Galli, Shetti

Galli, Ravivar Peth, Basti Galli, Maruthi Galli, Gondhali Galli, Kadolkar Galli,

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as well as Shahpur and Khasbag area are very thick residential areas of the

city.

The city enjoys well developed planned residential area which are

confined to Bhagya Nagar, Chennamma Nagar, Nanawadi Nargundgakar

Colony in the south Guruprasad Colony, Swami Vivekanand Nagarin and

Sadashiv Nagar and Vinayk Nagar in the west Hanuman Nagar, TV Center

Vishweswarayya Nagar and Sadashiv Nagar in the North western part of the

city, Nehru Nagar Vaibhav Nagar, Yamanapur Basavankol Muttenhatti, Indal

Colony. Ramtirth located in the North and Mal Maruti Extension area. It

includes Mahantesh Nagar, Anjaneya Nagar, Rukmini Nagar and Kuduchi and

Alarwad in the west. The suburban areas like Kanbargi, Kuduchi, Alarwad and

Yamnapur, which are merged recently in the corporate area of Belgaum city.

At present there are two marked industrial complexes - one is the aluminium

factory at the extreme north eastern end of the city and the other is industrial

estate at the extreme south west end of the city. Other small industrial units

are scattered all over the city. Autogarages and repair works are

concentrated along the national highway between the bus stand and

Sambhaji road cross. Repair works are also seen in temporary sheds on Hans

Talkies road. Wood working industries are concentrated on Khanapur road

and also on national highway. The wood working industries are also seen in

the residential areas of Tilakwadi, and between fort road and Mahadwar road.

The house hold industries like measing utensil making are found in Shahpur,

Hosur, Vadagaon areas are centres of hosiery units. These units with simple

devices are found in residential houses as cottage industries. It is found that,

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there are as many as 4000 power looms in these area and most of them

installed in dwelling houses. Engineering industries, foundries, and

manufacturing industries are found in the industrial estate. Thus it is

observed that, the small scale industrial units are scattered in the city without

proper zoning. In the city there are 12 Degree colleges, 7 Medical Colleges,

(including Nursing, Dental, Ayurvedic & Homeopathic) 3 Engineering colleges,

5 Business Management colleges, 5 Diploma colleges, 12 Educational

Colleges (B.Ed.) 13 P.U. colleges, 52 Secondary Schools, 123 Primary

schools, and 38 Nursery schools. Commissioners offices, Courts, LIC offices,

Police Head Quarter, Chief Engineer Offices, K.S.R.T.C. Divisional offices,

Divisional forest office, P.W.D. offices, Town Planning office, Post and

Telegraph Office, Railway Offices, C.B office, power houses etc are located in

the central part of the city. The Department of mines and geology office

located in Hindwadi and Tilakwadi areas. Town planning office in Sadashiv

Nagar K.P.S.C. office in Mahantesh Nagar areas. Since there is no common

office in the city and some decentralized some offices by Government of

Karnataka are scattered in the different part of the city due to non availability

of own buildings and office should be concentrated in one place of the city.

5.2.2 Roads and Railways :

Major transportation routes and areas greatly influence other land

uses, and many land use boundaries are outlined by them in the study unit.

The type and extent of transportation facilities in a locality determine the

degree of access and affect both the present and potential use of the area.

Highways and Railways are characterized by areas of activity connected in

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linear patterns. The highways include rights-of-way, areas used for

interchanges, and service and terminal facilities. Rail facilities include stations,

parking lots, roundhouses, repair and switching yards, and related areas.

In the study unit roads and railways show a positive growth. The total

area under this category was 4.88 sq.kms in 1970, which increased to 9.21

sq.kms in 2001, 13.54 sq.kms in 2004 and 11.92 sq.kms in 2008.

In belgaum city roads which are suitable for vehicular traffic are on

NH4, NH4A Tilakwadi, Vadagaon road, Venugrla road, Bagalkot road,

Bauxite carrying road, Mahantesh Nagar road, College road, Hindwadi road,

Guntmal, Vijaynagar road etc are the important road, where the entire city

enjoys worthy and mass transportation. The rest of the roads in the city are

very narrow, irregular and have intersections.

Highways:

Two national highways i.e. Poona Bangalore road (NH4) and Belgaum

Panaji road (NH4A) pass through Belgaum city. The city is inter spread on

either side and between these two highways. Running across the national

highways is the Vengurla Bagalkot State Highway. The two national highways

traverse through developed areas of the city and with heavy traffic moving on

them function as intercity roads also. The state highway running east west

along the northern part of the city proper takes comparatively less of the city

traffic. The relation of these highways, with important internal roads of the city

is nit well defined and orderly. The central business area is bounded by these

highways on north east and the west. But there is no regular internal roads

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worthy of fast moving regional traffic as well as city traffic. However, in order

to have speedy movement of regional traffic a bye pass for NH4 has been

constructed away along the eastern boundary of the city proper. There is no

direct through fare connecting the Poona Bangalore road (NH4) and Belgaum

Panji road (NH4A).

Internal road pattern:

The road pattern in central business area represent organic growth.

Khade bazaar road is the main road in the central area running in east west

direction connecting Poona Bangalore road and Belgaum Panaji road.

Ganapat Galli from Maruthi Galli cross to Kittur Rani Channamma circle is

another important road running through the central area in north south

direction. Other roads are feeder roads running parallel to the main roads of

Khade bazaar and Ganapathi Galli. All these roads which were suitable for

bullock carts are no more fit for vehicular traffic. The feeder roads i.e. lanes

are not only very narrow but are of varying widths, shapes bends causing

great inconvenience to the vehicular traffic. These bottle necks are felt much

particularly on Saturday, the bazaar day when streets in the central area is

worthy of regional traffic.

The city has one railway station the rail facility belongs to south central

railways; it connects the city with major cities like Pune and Bangalore. The

railway station is ideally located in between Tilakwadi and the old city. But the

railway line runs across the congested area of the old city, Tilakwadi, Angol

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areas are experiencing many level crossings. Due to this traffic jams are very

common in the city.

5.3.3 Vegetation Cover:

Vegetation cover has been defined as land where the potential natural

vegetation is predominantly trees, grasses, grasslike plants, shrubs. The

forests of this area may be roughly divided into moist and dry, the dry lying

east of the Poona-Dharward road and including the forest area of Chikodi,

Sampgaon and Gokak and the moist lying west of the Poona-Dhwarwar road,

including the forests of Belgaum and Khanapur.

The vegetation cover shows a negative growth in terms of area. In the

year 1970 the total area covered by vegetation was 47.92 sq. kms. which

reduced to 36.64 sq. Kms. in 2001, in the year 2004 it covered an area of

32.11 Sq. Kms. and in the year2008 it reduced to an extent of 30.07 Sq. Kms.

144

LAND USE AND LAND COVER ANALYSIS

Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 1970 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2001 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Bel gaum City - 2004

Fig.5.5

145

LAND USE AND LAND COVER ANALYSIS

Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2008 Land Use and Land Cover in and around Belgaum City - 2010

Fig.Fig.5.6

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146

During 1970 the vegetation cover was on two belts, one in northern

part and the other running in north south direction in the western part of the

study unit. There is absence of vegetation cover in central part of the study

unit. In the year 2001 the belt which was running in north south direction, it is

occupied by built up and agricultural lands. Further in the year 2004 and 2005

the vegetation area decreased and most of its area is covered by built up

land. Yet the canopy of the trees which are on road side look like thick

vegetation.

5.2.4 Water Bodies:

The class comprises areas of surface water either impounded in the

form of lake and reservoirs or flowing streams, river, cannels etc. There are

few major streams flowing in study unit which are Bellary nala and Lendi nala.

These are clearly seen on satellite false colour composition imagery in blue

colour. Bellary nala and Lendi nala are flow across Belgaum city. They serve

as drainage courses where sewage and other wastewater of the city are led.

Other water bodies of the city are Kotokeri tank (Killa talav), jakkeri tank,

Cantonment tank and Angol Tank. The Lendi nala separates the cantonment

and the civil area flows in the south eastern direction ultimately joining the

Bellary nala, Kottikeri tanks in the north and Jakkery tank, Cantonment tank,

Angol tank in the city have a large command area. Most of the tank water

bodies are used for the purpose of drinking water for animals, washing

purposes and agricultural uses (which are in small patches) in the city. During

the rainy season the tanks are almost filled with water and supply water to the

city sufficiently.

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The total area covered by water bodies in 1970 was 23.59 sq. kms.

which reduced to 19.05 sq. kms. in 2001 and in the year 2004 it covered only

17.36 sq. Kms .In the year 2008 water bodies reduced to 11.57sq.kms which

is a negative growth.

5.2.5 Waste Land:

Waste lands are described as, degraded lands which can be brought

under vegetative cover or under built up area.

The total area under waste land is estimated of about 72.10 sq. kms in

1970, which reduced to 37.29 sq. kms in 2001, and it was 16.78 sq. kms in

2004. It decreased further to 15.34 sq. kms. In 2008 In the year 1970 waste

land was found in northern part, eastern part and in an elongated belt running

north – south in the western part of the city. But in the year 2008 it is seen in

pockets scattered in the area of Mutenahatti, Kudachi Akarwad, Ramateerth a

Laxmi Tekadi areas.

5.2.6 Others:

All other land use and Land cover conditions not included in any of the

classes described earlier and that are either area specific or with limited Ariel

extend in the overall context of the total geographical area of the study unit

are included under this category. This includes Tree groves, mixed vegetation

and habitation with vegetation. Others land use area shows positive increase

during the study period. The landuse under this type was 0.64 sq. kms in

1970. It increased to 12.59 sq. kms, in 2001. Further it increased to 15.39

sq.kms in 2004 and presently the area under these category 19.90 sq.kms of

area.

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5.3 LAND USE AND LAND COVER IN 2010:

5.3.0 Agricultural land :

There is a marked absence of this land-use in the central part of the

study area, mainly due to the dominance of urban built up. The First level of

classification is sub – divided into three second level of classification and

further into five sub categories as third level of classification (Table 5.4). Most

of the cropped land is kharif which includes standing crops during June to

September months. It coincides with the south-west monsoon season. It is

associated with dry land farming, limited irrigating and areas of rain fed paddy

and other dry crops. Rabi crops are seen in few pockets in a scattered

pattern. This includes standing crops from October to March. Double crops

are seen along the margins of the study area and along the city boundaries.

This includes standing crops during both kharif and Rabi seasons. The

spectral

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Table 5.4: Land use and Land Cover 2010



Built-Up 58.13 25.11


Others 18.05 7.8

Wasteland 14.35 6.2



Total 231.51 100

Fig : 5.7

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The total land of this category of the city and its surrounding is

classified based on regional characteristics. Belgaum city and its area of

dominance land use/ land cover is categorized into three levels of

classification categories.

Table-5.5 : Land Use and Land Cover Classification

Level-I Level-II Level-III

1.Agricultural

Land

1.1 Crop Land

1.2 Fallow land

1.3 Agricultural plantation

1.1.1 Kharif +Rabi (Double Crop)

1.1.2 Kharif Crop

1.1.3 Fallow Land

1.1.4 Rabi crop

1.1.5 Agricultural Plantation.

2.Built-Up land 2.1 Industrial Area

2.2 Towns/Cities

2.1.1 Industrial Area

2.2.1 Towns/Cities

2.2.2 Village

3. Forest 3.1 Scrub forest

3.1.1 Scrub Forest

3.1.2 Degraded Forest

4.Others 4.1 Tree Groves

4.2 Mixed Vegetation

4.1.1 Tree Groves

4.2.1 Mixed Vegetation

4.2.2 Habitation with vegetation

5.Wasteland 5.1 Waste land with scrub

5.2 Barren Rocky/Stony waste/

Sheet rock Area

5.1.1 Waste land with scrub

5.2.1 BarrenRocky/Stony waste/

Sheet rock Area

6. Water bodies 6.1 Lake/Tanks 6.1.1 Dry tanks

6.1.2 Perennial tanks

Chapter-V

151

LAND USE AND LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION 2010

Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-I Classification)

Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-II Classification)

Land Use and Land Cover Classification Level-III Classification)

Fig.5.8

Chapter-V

152

Next to agricultural crop land is dominated by plantations. They are

found more in the East, North and South East. Lands which are taken up for

agriculture but temporarily allowed to rest, un cropped for one or more

seasons, but less than one year, is termed as fallow lands. These lands are

particularly those which are seen devoid of crops at the time when the

imagery is taken of both the seasons. Thus these are seen only in few

pockets in the East and South near the city. Less than one-fourth of the

agricultural area is in the form of plantation lands and very negligible spread

of fallow land is seen. The plantations are of Mango, Sapota, Guva and

Graphes which are demanded crops of the city and Goa.

5.3.1 Built up land:

Areas of human habitation developed due to non-agricultural use and

that which has a cover of buildings, transport and communication, utilities in

association with water, vegetation are classified as built up. All man made

constructions covering the land surface are included under this category.

Their shape and high reflectivity differentiate them from other classes.

Enhancement techniques and band combination helps in segregation of

different parcels. The built up area is further divided into three divisions as

second level and third level of classification (Table 5.4). The built up appears

in greenish blue tint in the imagery. They were further classified as villages

and towns according to the BUDA (Belgaum Urban Development Authority)

declaration. Thus town or city is found in the centre of the study area covering

most of the CBD (Central Business District) region. The total area covered by

Chapter-V

153

built upland is 58.13 sq. kms. (25.11%). The important residential areas in the

city are M.Vadagoan, Angol, Majagoan, Shahpur, Hindwadi, Bhayanagar,

Tilakwadi, R.C.Nagar, T.V. centre, Jadhav Nagar, Hunaman Nagar,

Sadashivnagar, Nehru Nagar and M.M.Extension.

5.3.2 Vegetation cover:

The total vegetation cover is estimated of about 16.22 sq. kms.

(7.01%). The vegetation cover is further sub-divided into two categories in

level II and three categories in level III classification. The dry vegetation cover

lies east of the Poona-Dharwad road and includes the forest area of Chikodi,

Sampgoon and Gokak. The moist vegetated area lies west of the Poona-

Dharwad road, including the forests of Belgaum and Khanapur.

5.3.3 Others:

All other land-use/land-cover conditions not included in any of the

classes described earlier that is either an area specific or with limited areal

extent in the overall context of total geographical area is included in this

category. This is further categorised into three categories as second level of

classification and further classified into three categories as third level of

classification. Here the mixture of scattered vegetation is included in this

category. These are found in combination with the scrub land mostly in the

Northern part of Belgaum. The total area covered by this category is 18.05 sq.

kms. (7.8%).

Chapter-V

154

5.3.4 Wastelands:

This category consists of barren/rocky/stony/sheet rock area and land

with scrubs. The forms of land which add up to waste lands are

barren/rocky/stony/sheet rock area. These are lands characterized by

exposed massive rocks, sheet rocks, stony pavements or lands with

excessive surface accumulation of stones that render them unsuitable for

producing any green biomass, most of the Belgaum’s wasteland is this kind of

land. Land with scrubs represent areas bearing association with vegetation

cover. The total area covered is 14.35 sq. kms. (6.2%). Because of scarcity of

land within the city will be used for residential purpose.

5.3.5 Water bodies:

This class comprises surface waters either impound in the form of

ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as rivers, streams, canals etc. A stream

is a natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a definite

channel. It may be seasonal or perennial. The total Study unit is covered by

tanks. The total area under water bodies is 9.26 sq. kms. (4.01%).

5.4 LAND USE AND LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS (PHASE

WISE) :

Land use / land cover (LULC) change detection based on remote

sensing data has been established as an indispensible tool for providing

suitable and wide-ranging information to various decision support sys tems for

natural resource management and sustainable development. LULC change is

one of the major influencing factor for the change of landscape. There are

Chapter-V

155

many change detection techniques developed over decades, in practice, it is

still difficult to develop a suitable change detection method especially in case

of urban and urban fringe areas where several impacts of complex factors are

found including rapid changes from rural land uses to residential, commercial,

industrial and recreational uses.

The present change analysis is carried out in two phases. Phase-I

analysis: the changes occurred during the period of 1970 to 2004, and Phase-

II is concerning to the period of 2004 to 2010.

5.4.0 Phase I - Change Analysis 1970-2004

The period of change analysis was divided into two epochs based on

the change characteristics; the first epoch covers a period of Thirty four years

(1970-2004) while the second epoch covers a period of Six years 2004 to

2010.The dynamics of land use/land cover change pattern have been

identified by using the Survey of India Toposheets and multi-temporal satellite

images of 1970, 2004 and 2010 on a GIS platform.

The study area covers an area of 231.51 Sq.Kms. During the phase–I

(1970-2004) Positive changes are marked in the use of Agriculture, Built–up,

Roads & Railways and Other land use and Land cover categories (Fig 5.9 &

5.10). The estimated calculation shows that the total area under agriculture

was 66.48 Sq.Kms in 1970 which increased to an extent of 86.35 Sq.Kms in

2004. Normally the trend for agricultural area shows negative growth as the

built-up areas increases and occupies the agricultural areas. But in this study

along with the growth of built–up, there is growth in Agriculture land use too.

Chapter-V

156

This is because the study unit is not confined to city limits it also covers forty

villages around it. The Built – up area increased from 15.90 Sq. Kms in 1970

to 47.55 Sq.Kms in 2004 (Table-5.6). The major change is seen in the urban

sprawl also. The Roads & Railway increased to 4% by 2004. The others

category increased by 6% (Table-5.6).

The urban development has taken place predominantly in south west

and north east direction, up to industrial estate along Khanapur road on south

west and on north east up to aluminium factory. Development on east has

been conspicuously obstructed by the cantonment area where place of urban

development is far slow. On the east of national high way, Vast areas of good

agricultural lands have obstructed the urban development activities.

In any urban studies negative change is inevitable. The fields of

vegetation, wasteland and water bodies show a negative growth.

Chapter-V

157

Table.5.6: Phase-I Change Analysis 1970-2004 (A Period of Thirty four years)

LULC Categories

1970 Area in Sq. Kms. Percentage 2004 Area

in Sq. Kms Percentage Change

Agricultural Land

66.48 28.72 86.35 37.30 +

Built-up 15.90 6.87 47.55 20.54 +

Vegetated Area

47.92 20.7 32.11 13.87 -

Others 0.64 0.28 15.39 6.65 +

Wasteland 72.10 31.14 16.78 7.25 -

Railway & Roads

4.88 2.11 13.54 5.85 +

Water bodies

23.59 10.19 17.36 7.5 -

Total 231.51 100 231.51 100

Source : Computed by Research based on Satellite imagery

Chapter-V

158

Change Analysis – 1970 to 2004Positive Changes

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Agricultural Land

1970

2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

Built-Up

1970

2004

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Railway & Roads

1970

2004

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Others

1970

2004

Change Analysis – 1970 to 2004Negative Changes

0

5

10

15

20

25

Vegetated Area

1970

2004

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Wasteland

1970

2004

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Water bodies

1970

2004

Fig : 5.9

Chapter-V

159

CHANGE ANALYSIS 1970-2004

Change Analysis 1970-2004 (Positive Change)

Change Analysis 1970-2004 (Negative Change)

Fig.5.10

Chapter-V

160

The vegetation cover was 47.91Sq.Kms in 1970 which decreased to

31.11 Sq.Kms in 2004.Most of the vegetated areas towards the north –

western and southern parts have undergone change. Most of this area is

converted by the village people for agricultural purpose.

Waste land also shows negative growth. The total area under waste

land was 72.10 Sq.Kms in 1970 which decreased to 16.78 Sq.Kms in

2004(Table 5.6).The decrease in wasteland is considered as healthy sign as

the waste land is utilised for one or the other purpose. The two main

categories which occupy the waste land is built-up and agriculture. The water

bodies also show a negative growth. The water body area decreased from

10.19% in 1970 to 7.5% in 2004. Much of the areas of water body ponds is

used for residential purpose.

5.4.1 Phase II - Change Analysis 2004-2010

The second phase shows the changes occurred during 2004 to 2010.

This period follows the same pattern of changes as in the first phase.

Agricultural land, Built-up, Roads and Railway and Others show a positive

change and Vegetation cover, wasteland and water bodies show a negative

change (Fig 5.8). There is increase in Agricultural land .it was 86.35 Sq.Kms

in 2004 and increased to 99.50 Sq.Kms in 2010. Built –up area was 47.55

Sq.Kms in 2004 it increased to 58.13 Sq.Kms in 2010 (Table 5.7). The trend

and extent of urban change is likely to continue with the rapid development of

infrastructure. Roads and railway increased by 2% whereas other category

increased by 1%. The comparison of land use and Land cover between 2004

Chapter-V

161

and 2010 shows changes in terms of greenery loss and loss of water bodies.

Vegetation cover decreased from 32.11 Sq.kms to 16.22 Sq.Kms. It also

depicts that the loss are converted into built- up environs, attributing to the

urban sprawl and encroachments of urban built-up structures. Waste land

occupied 16.78 Sq.Kms in 2004 and was reduced to 14.35 Sq.Kms in 2010.

Water bodies covered 17.36 Sq.Kms in 2004 and decreased to 9.26 Sq.Kms

in 2010 (Fig. 5.12).

The urban development in Belgaum city has shaped and reshaped the

following general patterns.

Ø Heavy concentration in care of the city area.

Ø Auto mobile industrial activities along the national highway No.4.

Ø Confinement of growth on east and west.

Ø Relative lack of growth to immediately south of the railway line.

Ø Predominantly unidirectional growth in north east and south west

direction.

Ø Educational institutions in northern direction eg. Kitture Rani

Channamma University, 16 kms from city.

Chapter-V

162

Table.5.7: Phase-II Change Analysis 2004-2010 (For a period of six years)

LULC Categories

1970 Area in Sq. Kms. Percentage 2004 Area

in Sq. Kms Percentage Change

Agricultural Land

86.35 37.30 99.50 42.98 +

Built-up 47.55 20.54 58.13 25.11 +

Vegetated Area

32.11 13.87 16.22 7.01 -

Others 15.39 6.65 18.05 7.8 +

Wasteland 16.78 7.25 14.35 6.2 -

Railway & Roads

13.54 5.85 15.88 6.86 +

Water bodies

17.36 7.5 9.26 4.01 -

Total 231.51 100 231.51 100

Source : Computed by Research based on Satellite imagery

Chapter-V

163

Change Analysis – 2004 to 2010Positive Changes

34

36

38

40

42

44

Agricultural Land

2004

2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Built-Up

2004

2010

5.25.45.65.8

66.26.46.66.8

7

Railway & Roads

2004

2010

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

Others

20042010

Change Analysis – 2004 to 2010Negative Changes

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Vegetated Area

2004

2010

0

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

Water bodies

2004

2010

5.6

5.8

6

6.2

6.4

6.6

6.8

7

7.2

7.4

Wasteland

2004

2010

Fig : 5.11

Chapter-V

164

CHANGE ANALYSIS 2004-2010 Change Analysis 2004-2010

(Positive Change) Change Analysis 2004-2010

(Negative Change)

Fig.5.12

Chapter-V

165

5.5 CHANGE OF LANDUSE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE :

C.B.D. is a particular part of any urban centre which is unique in its

specialized land use and has distinct functions and is generally different from

all other parts of the city. In the field of urban geography, such portion of the

city is commonly called the Central Business District. It is actually one of the

alternative name for central tropic district, central commercial district, down

town business district. In India the term CBD is generally accepted and

commonly used by urban geographer, which is usually concentrated at the

core of the city.

The important characteristics of core of the Belgaum are:

Ø Main Market Centre comprises all kinds of central services which

supply the city an area of great intensity of land use of different

functions.

Ø The great concentration of offices, retail stores, heavy traffic, high land

values and tall building are met with.

Ø Core of the city locality intersections of principles streets and its

structure is dynamic and mobile.

Ø Conversion of residential land into commercial uses / multi purposes.

As a result, a distinction in the central area and the central business

district is easier to make in theory than in practice. In recently thought market

centres are developed in the study unit here and there, yet the central area of

the city has retained its value as all commercial activities are going on. Since,

Chapter-V

166

the study unit district head quarters and divisional head quarters is located in

a strategic point. From the point of commercial activities, this area dominates

its hinterland. Some specialized items are served throughout the state like

automobile, leather goods clothing, vegetable etc.

5.5.0 Change in Land Use in CBD:

The survey on CBD to study its structural characteristics to some

extents lead to some interesting results. Though the boundaries of the C.B.D

may not be permanent and zonal for any particular time. Most of the

Geographers, Sociologists and other academicians who have focused upon

the C.B.D have also dealt with it incidentally and have relied in case of each

city upon local judgment as to the extent of the district. After preparing the

land use map of Belgaum, the C.B.D survey has been conducted in the

present study on the basis of the intensity of commercial activity, highest land

values, high amount of movement of population and high business activities.

Here an attempt has been made to examine horizontal structure and

characteristics of C.B.D. of Belgaum city.

The central business District which lies in the central of the city, forms

the heart of the city. The present locations of C.B.D. are surrounded by D.C.

compound in the north, Kapileshwar road cantonment in the west and central

bus stand in the east. The C.B.D. practically controls the business and

commercial activities. 75 % of the commercial establishment of the city are

concentrated in this locality, attracting large number of buyers and sellers

from its hinterland also. The land use change in commercial area shows

Chapter-V

167

physical expansion. The area covered by C.B.D. was 0.27 Sq.Kms, which

increased to 0.73 Sq.Kms by 2004 and presently in 2010 it occupies an area

of 0.98 Sq.Kms.(Fig.5.13).

The area of C.B.D. being a 0.98 sq Kms meets about 80% of needs of

consumable goods of surroundings from the countryside, which accounts

approximately to 75% trade of the city.

Chapter-V

168

LAND USE FOR COMMERCIAL PURPOSE CDB

Change of Land Use for Commercial Purpose (1970, 2004 and 2010)

Central Business District

Fig.5.13

Chapter-V

169

5.5.1 The Building Structure and Ownership in C.B.D.:

The study reveals that more than 70 % of buildings are built with

concrete and 30% with lateritic materials. There are about 2813 rented shops

and 2225 rented houses in C.B.D. There are 1037 owned shops and 4874

owned houses.*

In Belgaum city, people have sold out their houses for higher price and

shifted to extension areas of the city due to high price and to have better

environmental condition. This is also one of the causes for special. These

people have started their main occupations in the outskirts area.

5.5.2 CBD Functional Categories by Blocks:

The table no 5.9 and Fig No.5.14 shows the functional character sticks

of C.B.D. in different blocks. It is evident from the table that retailing and

services are important commercial activities in C.B.D. Though its importance

and intensity varies from blocks to blocks, wholesale activity is prominent only

in blocks no IV and V comprising old wholesale market areas of city (i.e.

Ganapat Galli, Raviwar Peth and Bendi Bazar markets) These areas account

nearly about 86% of total wholesaling market transaction of the city. All other

blocks do not have any significant wholesaling activity. Few manufacturing

units are found in the block No IV (i.e. Fort road). Automobile industries have

been shifted to Kanbargi industries area.

* Belgaum Municipal Office.

Chapter-V

170

Table: 5.8 CBD Functional Categorization by Blocks

CBD Blocks

No

. of R

etai

l Sh

op

s &

S

ervi

ces

No.

of w

hole

sa

le S

ho

ps

No

. of O

ffic

es

No

. of M

anu

fact

uri

ng

U

nit

s

No

. of P

erso

nal

se

rvic

es s

ho

ps

No

. of

Pu

b &

en

tert

ain

men

t B

uild

ing

s

I 790 82 2 - 32 18

II 472 24 4 1 28 12

III 778 28 8 - 28 6

IV 632 312 2 - 34 12

V 750 410 - 2 24 16

3422 856 16 3 140 64

Source: Municipal Corporation & Field Survey 2011

Recently personal services like hair dressing, tailoring, pharmacies are

distributed more or less uniformly in all blocks of CBD Block no III and IV has

concentration of administrative offices and Block no IV comprises areas of

District communise house, Court Divisional Commissioner offices Z.P. office

CADA and other offices.

5.5.3 The Business Characteristics of C.B.D.

The geographical area of C.B.D is about being a 0.98 sq kms, which

account to 75 % of the total commercial activities of the city. But the

morphology of C.B.D exhibits unplanned structure of shopping complexes.

Streets in shopping area are very narrow and many shops are too small to

Chapter-V

171

handle bulk quantities of goods. Parts of the wholesale business in grain and

even vegetable selling are found in relatively smaller area of Raviwarpeth and

Market areas. Wholesale and retail vegetable selling is one of the main

reasons for congestion in the C.B.D. area. On Saturday which is the market

day, the vendors selling is one of the main cause for congestion in the C.B.D.

area. On Saturday which is the market day the vendors squat all along the

important street such as Ganaptii Galli, Khade Bazar, Raviwar Peth, Market

Road, Bendi Bazar, and also Saraf Galli, Dane Galli, Ganapati Galli,

Kakatives etc. On the other hand, the mutton markets and fish markets in the

Kasai Galli created unhealthy and unhygienic condition in the central part of

the city.

The increasing land values in the C.B.D. are giving greater scope to

convert the residential buildings into commercial centres. A detailed study of

C.B.D reveals that the morphology of C.B.D is very complex and congested in

nature. The discussion shows hat it has to be planned with a view of

systematic market provision in the city.

Chapter-V

172

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http://www.idealibrary.com

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