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3D printing with viscous
pastes
And creating a ceramic water filter
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Presentation content
• Printing with pastes
• Ceramic water filter project
• Research approach
• Results & recommendations
• Questions
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Pastes
• Chocolate
• Wax
• (builders) Silicone
• Clay
• Sugar Frosting
• Cookie dough
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Printing with chocolate
• Heat to +/- 25° Celsius
• Fill Syringe
• 1 bar pressure
– Extruding takes a lot less
• Extrude
• Taste
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3D ceramic water filter Innovations 4 Sustainability
Geert Hobma
Chris Leekstra
Anastasia Limareva
Tobias Strating
Paula van den Brink
Leo Groendijk
20 June 2014
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Reality in most of the world
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Why ceramic water filters (CWF)?
• Use of locally available materials (clays, organics)
• Low tech
• Community scale production
• It is already done, accepted
Why 3D printing of CWF?
• More constant quality
• Other shapes (combination other techniques)
• Household level
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Filtration spectrum
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Ceramic water filters (CWF)
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3D printing vs traditional
method
1. Preparing the raw material
2. Mixing the raw material + silver
3. Making blocks and press them into
filters 3D printing
4. ‘Reshaping’ and labeling
3Dprinting
5. Drying
6. Firing
7. Testing flow rate
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Research approach
Recipe Preparation
of clay 3D printing
Drying & firing
Water quality
analysis
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Recipe
Clay
• Terracotta
Organic
material
• Sawdust
• Wheat flour
Water
• Tap water
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Preparation of clay
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Het Systeem
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Ceramic 3D printing
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3D design
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Drying &Firing
The Ceramics Manufacturing Working Group (2011)
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Chemical changes during baking
1. Quartz inversion (around
570°C)
2. Chemically bound water
released
3. Carbon burned out
Alpha-quartz Beta-quartz
Kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4)
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Testing flow CWF prototypes
1.Placing CWF in shape
2.Pouring hot paraffin in the
shape gaps
3.Make sure all space is filled
with paraffin
4.Manual addition if necessary
1
4
3 2
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Batch
Surface
filter
(cm2)
Time
(h)
Filtered
volume
(ml)
Flux (L
m-2 h-1)
Perm (K)
(L m-2 h-1
bar-1)
12 clay 32,2 20 190 3 30,6
15 sawdust 32,2 1 131 40,1 408
18 flour 32,2 1,5 280 58,0 592
18 flour 56,55 1 335 59,2 604
Testing flow CWF prototypes
All measurements done
at 1 m water column =
9,806 65 kPa = 0,098 bar
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Evolution of 3D CWF prototype
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Evolution 3D CWF SEM
Wall
Cross section
Including
sawdust
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Evolution 3D CWF SEM Cross sections
Surface
Porosity vs
pore size
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Theory water quality analysis
Microbiological parameters
Detection and enumeration of :
• E.coli (CFU/100ml at 37°C )
• Total count (CFU/100ml at 22 and 37°C
)
• Viruses- Bacteriophages
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Experiment WWTP effluent
influent effluent sand filter effluent CWF
Blue colonies + gas E.coli
Other colonies + gas coliforms
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Actual research results
Right recipe clay
Working 3D printing system
Established baking process
A porous CWF with right flow
Theoretical preparation of water analyses
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Recommendations further
research
Manufacturing process
• Use local types of clay´s
• Other oven types (DIY)
Water quality control
• Removal efficiencies of E.coli, total count and viruses
• Influence biofilm on removal efficiencies
• Use of activated carbon/colloidal silver/nanosilver
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Questions are welcome
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