![Page 2: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life
• Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds
• Carbon is unparalleled in its ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules
• A compound containing carbon is said to be an organic compound
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 3: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Critically important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Nucleic acids
• The first three of these can form huge molecules called macromolecules
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 4: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Figure 3.1
![Page 5: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Concept 3.1: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
• An atom’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds the atom will form with other atoms
• This is the source of carbon’s versatility
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 6: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The Formation of Bonds with Carbon
• With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
• This ability makes large, complex molecules possible
• In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape
• However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to the carbons are in the same plane as the carbons
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 7: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• When a carbon atom forms four single covalent bonds, the bonds angle toward the corners of an imaginary tetrahedron
• When two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to those carbons are in the same plane as the carbons
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 8: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 3.2
Methane
StructuralFormula
MolecularFormula
Space-FillingModel
Ball-and-Stick Model
Name
Ethane
Ethene(ethylene)
![Page 9: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• The electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
• The valences of carbon and its most frequent partners (hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen) are the “building code” that governs the architecture of living molecules
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 10: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Figure 3.3
Hydrogen(valence 1)
Carbon(valence 4)
Nitrogen(valence 3)
Oxygen(valence 2)
![Page 11: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen; for example:– Carbon dioxide: CO2
– Urea: CO(NH2)2
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 12: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Figure 3.UN01
Estradiol
Testosterone
![Page 13: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Molecular Diversity Arising from Variation in Carbon Skeletons
• Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
• Carbon chains vary in length and shape
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 14: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Animation: Carbon SkeletonsRight click slide / Select play
![Page 15: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 3.4
(a) Length
(b) Branching
(c) Double bond position
(d) Presence of rings
Ethane Propane
Butane BenzeneCyclohexane
1-Butene 2-Butene
2-Methylpropane (isobutane)
![Page 16: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Figure 3.4a
(a) Length
Ethane Propane
![Page 17: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 3.4b
(b) Branching
Butane 2-Methylpropane (isobutane)
![Page 18: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 3.4c
(c) Double bond position
1-Butene 2-Butene
![Page 19: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 3.4d
(d) Presence of rings
BenzeneCyclohexane
![Page 20: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
• Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
• Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 21: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Chemical Groups Most Important to Life
• Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
• The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 22: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• The seven functional groups that are most important in the chemistry of life:– Hydroxyl group– Carbonyl group– Carboxyl group– Amino group– Sulfhydryl group– Phosphate group– Methyl group
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 23: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Figure 3.5Chemical Group
Hydroxyl group ( OH)
Compound Name Examples
Alcohol
Ketone
Aldehyde
Methylatedcompound
Organicphosphate
Thiol
Amine
Carboxylic acid,or organic acid
Ethanol
Acetone Propanal
Acetic acid
Glycine
Cysteine
Glycerolphosphate
5-Methyl cytosine
Amino group ( NH2)
Carboxyl group ( COOH)
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
Phosphate group ( OPO32–)
Methyl group ( CH3)
Carbonyl group ( C O)
![Page 24: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 3.5a
Chemical Group
Hydroxyl group ( OH)
Compound Name Examples
Alcohol
Ketone
Aldehyde
Amine
Carboxylic acid,or organic acid
Ethanol
Acetone Propanal
Acetic acid
Glycine
Amino group ( NH2)
Carboxyl group ( COOH)
Carbonyl group ( C O)
![Page 25: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 3.5aa
Hydroxyl group ( OH)
Alcohol(The specific nameusually ends in -ol.)
Ethanol, the alcohol presentin alcoholic beverages
(may be written HO )
![Page 26: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Figure 3.5ab
Carbonyl group ( C O)Ketone if the carbonylgroup is within a carbonskeleton
Acetone, the simplest ketone
Aldehyde if the carbonylgroup is at the end of a carbon skeleton
Propanal, an aldehyde
![Page 27: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 3.5ac
Carboxyl group ( COOH)
Acetic acid, which givesvinegar its sour taste
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
Ionized form of COOH(carboxylate ion),found in cells
![Page 28: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 3.5ad
Amino group ( NH2)
Glycine, an amino acid(note its carboxyl group)
Amine
Ionized form of NH2
found in cells
![Page 29: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 3.5b
Methylatedcompound
Organicphosphate
Thiol Cysteine
Glycerolphosphate
5-Methyl cytosine
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
Phosphate group ( OPO32–)
Methyl group ( CH3)
Chemical Group Compound Name Examples
![Page 30: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Figure 3.5ba
Sulfhydryl group ( SH)
Cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid
Thiol
(may be written HS )
![Page 31: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Figure 3.5bb
Phosphate group ( OPO32–)
Organic phosphate
Glycerol phosphate, whichtakes part in many importantchemical reactions in cells
![Page 32: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Figure 3.5bc
Methyl group ( CH3)
Methylated compound
5-Methyl cytosine, acomponent of DNA that hasbeen modified by addition ofa methyl group
![Page 33: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular Processes
• One organic phosphate molecule, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell
• ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 34: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Figure 3.UN02
Adenosine
![Page 35: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Figure 3.UN03
Adenosine Adenosine
ATP Inorganicphosphate
Energy
Reactswith H2O
ADP
![Page 36: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Concept 3.2: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
• A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
• These small building-block molecules are called monomers
• Some molecules that serve as monomers also have other functions of their own
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 37: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Cells make and break down polymers by the same process
• A dehydration reaction occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule
• Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction
• These processes are facilitated by enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 38: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Animation: PolymersRight click slide / Select play
![Page 39: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Figure 3.6
Unlinked monomerShort polymer
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
![Page 40: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Figure 3.6a
Unlinked monomerShort polymer
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction: synthesizing a polymer
Dehydration removesa water molecule,forming a new bond.
![Page 41: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Figure 3.6b
(b) Hydrolysis: breaking down a polymer
Hydrolysis addsa water molecule,breaking a bond.
![Page 42: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The Diversity of Polymers
• Each cell has thousands of different macromolecules
• Macromolecules vary among cells of an organism, vary more within a species, and vary even more between species
• An immense variety of polymers can be built from a small set of monomers
HO
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 43: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Concept 3.3: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
• Carbohydrates include sugars and the polymers of sugars
• The simplest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or simple sugars
• Carbohydrate macromolecules are polysaccharides, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 44: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Sugars
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O
Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
Monosaccharides are classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton and the placement of the carbonyl group
![Page 45: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Figure 3.7
GlyceraldehydeAn initial breakdown
product of glucose in cellsRibose
A component of RNA
Triose: 3-carbon sugar (C3H6O3) Pentose: 5-carbon sugar (C5H10O5)
Hexoses: 6-carbon sugars (C6H12O6)
Energy sources for organismsGlucose Fructose
![Page 46: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Figure 3.7a
GlyceraldehydeAn initial breakdown
product of glucose in cells
Triose: 3-carbon sugar (C3H6O3)
![Page 47: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Figure 3.7b
RiboseA component of RNA
Pentose: 5-carbon sugar (C5H10O5)
![Page 48: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Figure 3.7c
Hexoses: 6-carbon sugars (C6H12O6)
Energy sources for organismsGlucose Fructose
![Page 49: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Though often drawn as linear skeletons, in aqueous solutions many sugars form rings
• Monosaccharides serve as a major fuel for cells and as raw material for building molecules
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 50: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Figure 3.8
(a) Linear and ring forms
(b) Abbreviated ring structure
![Page 51: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides
• This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 52: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Animation: DisaccharidesRight click slide / Select play
![Page 53: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Figure 3.9-1
Glucose Fructose
![Page 54: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Figure 3.9-2
1–2glycosidic
linkage
Glucose
Sucrose
Fructose
![Page 55: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
• The structure and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 56: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Storage Polysaccharides
• Starch, a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers
• Plants store surplus starch as granules• The simplest form of starch is amylose
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 57: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
• Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide in animals
• Humans and other vertebrates store glycogen mainly in liver and muscle cells
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 58: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Animation: PolysaccharidesRight click slide / Select play
![Page 59: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Figure 3.10
Starch granulesin a potato tuber cell
Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall
Glycogen granulesin muscletissue
Cellulosemolecules
Hydrogen bondsbetween —OH groups(not shown) attached tocarbons 3 and 6
Starch (amylose)
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucosemonomer
![Page 60: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Figure 3.10a
Starch granulesin a potato tuber cell
Starch (amylose)
Glucosemonomer
![Page 61: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Figure 3.10aa
Starch granulesin a potato tuber cell
![Page 62: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Figure 3.10b
Glycogen granulesin muscletissue
Glycogen
![Page 63: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Figure 3.10ba
Glycogen granulesin muscletissue
![Page 64: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Figure 3.10c
Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall
Cellulosemolecules
Hydrogen bondsbetween —OH groups oncarbons 3 and 6
Cellulose
![Page 65: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Figure 3.10ca
Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall
![Page 66: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Structural Polysaccharides
• The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
• Like starch and glycogen, cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages in cellulose differ
• The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 67: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Figure 3.11
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
(a) and glucose ring structures
Glucose Glucose
![Page 68: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Figure 3.11a
(a) and glucose ring structures
Glucose Glucose
![Page 69: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
– In starch, the glucose monomers are arranged in the alpha () conformation
– Starch (and glycogen) are largely helical– In cellulose, the monomers are arranged in the beta
() conformation– Cellulose molecules are relatively straight
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 70: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Figure 3.11b
(b) Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
![Page 71: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Figure 3.11c
(c) Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
![Page 72: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
– In straight structures (cellulose), H atoms on one strand can form hydrogen bonds with OH groups on other strands
– Parallel cellulose molecules held together this way are grouped into microfibrils, which form strong building materials for plants
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 73: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
• Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing linkages can’t hydrolyze linkages in cellulose
• Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber
• Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose
• Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
![Page 74: 3 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life. Overview: Carbon Compounds and Life Aside from water, living organisms consist mostly of carbon-based compounds](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062716/56649e105503460f94afacea/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
• Chitin, another structural polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods
• Chitin also provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.